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Sounds Like Peanut Butter

HMI — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 20:32:13 GMT

By Aaron Oppenheimer
According to the guy who maintains his instruments, Eddie van Halen wants his guitar to "sound like nut butter." And he means it. The words musicians use to describe music are a special language, and those who swing the electric guitar are virtuosos of this sounds-like-a-non-sequitur-but-isn�t argot.

An electric guitar, by itself, sounds like nothing�quiet and weak, it requires amplification. A guitarist�s "sound" is a combination of the vibration of the strings, the wooden body of the guitar, the electronics picking up the sound, and the amplifier broadcasting the sound. (Also, according to Eddie van Halen, the cable connecting the guitar and amp makes its own contribution.) The elements that affect the sound of an electric guitar add up to the "tone." Every guitarist has his or her own holy-grail tone, and the language guitarists use to describe tone includes not only straightforward terms like crunchy, smooth, dark, rich, and warm, but also more abstract terms, like "brown tone" and "woman tone." Hard to picture, but carrying common meaning among guitarists�everyone knows "woman tone" refers to Clapton�s late 60�s sound. Right?

To affect the tone, guitarists put electronic devices between the guitar and the amp, often in the form of "stomp boxes." Many are covered with knobs and buttons, usually including a big button the guitarist can step on (ok, stomp on) to turn the effect on and off. There are many companies making stomp boxes, and classic circuits custom-designed for, say, Jimi Hendrix are reissued with modern electronics on-board that provide more customization of the tone.
Entertainingly, stomp box manufacturers choose various strategies for naming their products. Some focus on the technology, describing aspects of the circuit contained within. Others describe the effect on the tone. Some pick very descriptive names, while others are more evocative. Some are technical, some emotional. And a few�well, maybe they�re meaningful to a better guitarist than me.

Facts about Haiti

HMI — Sat, 28 Aug 2010 17:27:47 GMT

A major earthquake struck southern Haiti on Tuesday Juanary 12, 2010, inflicting a catastrophe on the impoverished Caribbean nation. Here are some facts about Haiti:

� The country of Haiti makes up the western one-third of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean. Hispanola is between Cuba and Puerto Rico, and the eastern two-thirds of the island is the Dominican Republic.

� The capital of Haiti is Port-au-Prince.
� Haiti is one of poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. Eighty percent of residents live in poverty, according to the CIA World Factbook.
� Haiti is one of the most densely populated and least developed countries in the Western Hemisphere.

About Haiti (from the CIA World Factbook)
� Population: 9,035,536
� Capital: Port-au-Prince
� Ethnic groups: 95 percent black
� Religion: Roman Catholic -- 80 percent
� Gross domestic product: $11.53 billion (2008 estimate)
� Language: French (official)
� Leaders: Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive, President Rene Preval
Complete coverage of the earthquake

Chronology (selected timeline)
� 1492 -- Christopher Columbus lands and names the island Hispaniola.
� 1697 -- The Spanish recognizes the French's control of the western third of the island; they name it St.-Domingue.
� 1791 -- Slaves rebel against plantation owners; Toussaint L'Ouverture, a former slave, takes control and writes a constitution.
� 1799 -- Napoleon I sends an army to restore French rule.
� 1803 -- The French army loses.
� January 1, 1804 -- Haiti gains independence from France; Haiti is the second oldest independent nation in the Western Hemisphere after the U.S.
� 1804-1915 -- More than 70 dictators rule Haiti.
� 1915 -- President Wilson sends U.S. Marines to Haiti to restore order.
� 1915-1934 -- The United States occupies Haiti.
� 1946 -- Army officers take control of Haiti's government.
� 1949 -- Army officers take control of the government again after rioting breaks out.
� 1950 -- Paul Magloire, an army officer, is elected president.
� 1956 -- Magloire resigns after rioting breaks out; the army takes control of the government again.
� 1957 -- Fran�ois Duvalier, a doctor known as "Papa Doc," is elected president.
� 1964 -- Duvalier declares himself president for life and rules as a dictator.
� 1971 -- The Haitian Constitution is amended to allow the president to choose his successor; Duvalier chooses his son, Jean-Claude, then 19.
� April 1971 -- Duvalier dies, and Jean-Claude declares himself president for life; he uses a secret police force called Tontons Macoutes (bogeymen) to enforce his policies.
� 1986 -- Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the country after a revolt; Lt. Gen. Henri Namphy runs the country and tries to get rid of the Tontons Macoutes but fails.
� March 1987 -- A new constitution that calls for presidential and national assembly elections by the people is adopted.
� November 29, 1987 -- Elections are canceled after terrorist attacks on polling places.
� January 1988 -- During the rescheduled vote, the people elect a civilian president and a parliament.
� June 1988 -- Namphy overthrows the new government and declares himself president of the military government.
� September 1988 -- Officers of the Presidential Guard seize power from Namphy; Lt. Gen. Prosper Avril declares himself president.
� March 1990 -- Avril resigns due to protests.
� December 1990 -- Jean-Bertrand Aristide wins Haiti's first free election.
� September 1991 -- Aristide flees the country after being ousted in a military coup; the Organization of American States and United Nations lead trade boycotts to try to force Aristide's return to power; many Haitians try to flee to the U.S. but are forced back to Haiti; later the refugees are sent to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
� July 3, 1993 -- The military government agrees to allow Aristide to return and restore his government by October 30; they later back out of the agreement and do not allow Aristide to return.
� September 17, 1994 -- President Clinton sends a delegation to Haiti in hopes of avoiding a military conflict. Former President Carter, Colin L. Powell and Sen. Sam Nunn are among the delegation. The peace deal does prevent an outbreak of fighting.
� September 18, 1994 -- The U.S. begins sending troops to Haiti to maintain order. The first 3,000 troops land on September 19 in Port-au-Prince.
� October 1994 -- Aristide is restored to power; U.S. troops stay in Haiti to maintain order. The U.N. and OAS boycotts end. Refugees at Guantanamo Bay return to Haiti.
� March 1995 -- Most U.S. troops leave Haiti.
� Late 1995 -- Rene Preval, a member of Aristide's Lavalas coalition, is elected president.
� April 1996 -- The last of U.S. troops leave Haiti.
� December 1998 -- U.N. peacekeepers withdraw from Haiti.
� November 2000 -- Aristide is elected president again; most other parties boycott the elections, claiming they are fraudulent.
� January 2004 -- The terms of most members of Haiti's parliament end, and no new legislative elections are held.
� February 2004 -- Rebels and political opposition leaders are opposed to Aristide's leadership and methods and want him to be removed from power. Aristide says he will remain in office until the last day of his term, February 7, 2006.
� February 5, 2004 -- Rebels (members of the Gonaives Resistance Front ) seize the northern city of Gonaives and kill four people.
� February 8, 2004 -- Looting and violence spread throughout Haiti.
� February 10, 2004 -- The death toll from the uprising rises to 42. The looting and violence creates a severe humanitarian crisis.
� February 17, 2004 -- The death toll from the uprising hits 50. The rebels control most of the country north of Port-au-Prince.
� February 21, 2004 -- An international assessment team with officials from the United States, France, Canada, the Caribbean Community and OAS arrive in Haiti to present Aristide with a peace plan. He accepts the terms of the plan, which include the appointment of a new prime minister, the establishment of a bipartisan Cabinet, the holding of new elections to be overseen by international observers and the disarmament of militias, stationed in much of the north. The opposition leaders say they reject any plan that does not include the immediate resignation of Aristide.
� February 22, 2004 -- Rebels attack a police headquarters in Port-au-Prince and release prisoners.
� February 23, 2004 -- Fifty U.S. Marines arrive in Haiti to protect the U.S. Embassy and American personnel working there.
� February 25, 2004 -- President George W. Bush says the Coast Guard will turn back any Haitians attempting to enter the U.S. and urges the United Nations to compile an international security presence there.
� February 26, 2004 -- The United Nations holds an emergency session on the crisis.
� February 29, 2004 -- Aristide leaves for the Central African Republic. Supreme Court Chief Justice Boniface Alexandre replaces Aristide as president in a transitional government, as mandated by the Haitian Constitution.
� March 2004 -- American and French troops deploy as part of a multinational peacekeeping force.
� March 2, 2004 -- Haitian rebel leader Guy Philippe declares himself the country's new police chief and calls for the re-establishment of Haiti's army, which Aristide disbanded in 1991. The U.S. does not recognize Philippe as the head of the Haitian police.
� March 3, 2004 -- Prime Minister Yvon Neptune declares a state of emergency in Haiti. Five hundred U.S. Marines are stationed around Port-au-Prince.
� March 9, 2004 -- The U.S.-backed Council of Sages names international business consultant G�rard Latortue the prime minister of Haiti.
� April 2004 -- The U.N. secretary-general recommends the creation of a multidimensional stabilization operation to assist with the situation in Haiti. The operation is called the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.
� June 2004 -- A U.S.-led multinational force turns over authority in Port-au-Prince to U.N. peacekeepers.
� February 7, 2006 - After election scheduling delays and allegations of election fraud, Preval is elected president of Haiti.
� February 2007 -- Preval has the force of 8,000 U.N. peacekeepers in Haiti begin an offensive against street gangs in Port-au-Prince.
� July 2009 -- Dozens go missing, and at least 15 are killed after a boat carrying more than 200 capsizes near the Turks and Caicos Islands.
� January 12, 2010 -- A 7.0-magnitude earthquake strikes 14 miles west of Haiti, destroying most of the capital of Port-au-Prince.
� January 13, 2010 -- The Red Cross estimates that the quake will affect at least 3 million Haitians.

Haiti: Government
� A president serves as Haiti's head of state.
� The people elect the president to a five-year term.
� The president appoints a prime minister to serve as head of the government.
� A parliament called the National Assembly makes the country's laws.
� The upper house, called the Senate, has 27 members, elected by the people to six-year terms.
� The lower house, called the Chamber of Deputies, has 83 members, elected to four-year terms.

Haiti: Geography
� Haiti is a country in the West Indies.
� The Dominican Republic covers eastern Hispaniola.
� Most of Haiti is mountainous, and the country's name comes from an Indian word that means high ground.

Sources: CNN.com; World Book Online

Don't forget the plight of Haiti's children

HMI — Sat, 28 Aug 2010 03:54:48 GMT

By Shaquille O'Neal

When the January 12 earthquake hit Haiti, I watched hour upon hour of coverage on CNN. Like everyone else in the world, I saw images that were among the most horrifying caused by a natural disaster in our time.

I had never been to Haiti at the time. Like many, I have friends and even family members of Haitian descent. But what occurred to me and most others were the questions: "How could this happen and be so destructive?" "Why the lack of infrastructure?" "Why the lack of preparation for disaster?" No country could be totally prepared for that kind of disaster, but Haiti and its people seemed to be particularly disadvantaged against Mother Nature's might.

I immediately got on my computer and began doing research, reading about Haiti's history. Admittedly, my American history dates were a bit foggy, so I tried to give myself a brief refresher. In school, we learned very early on about the abolition of slavery and Abraham Lincoln. But I was never taught that there was a small black nation in the Caribbean that had defeated Napoleon's army in 1803.

That was the same year the French decided to sell their only other colony in the Western Hemisphere: Louisiana. Had the slaves, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, not overthrown the French Army in Haiti, would the French have sold Louisiana to the United States?

The Louisiana Purchase instantly doubled our country's size. Now, I have spent my time in Louisiana. I graduated from Louisiana State University. But I never linked these two events. I am sure historians do, but does the average American know that the Haitian revolution possibly played a large role in the history of the United States of America?

So, I ask myself, had Toussaint L'Ouverture not lived, would America be the America it is today? If his army and the slaves had not defeated the French, would the French have wanted to sell their only other colony, so close to Haiti?

So, the earthquake made me begin to read about history and look at events a little more closely. I do not understand why a country so close to some of the richest economies in the world could be in this position.

I am not a political person by nature. But it does make you wonder how politically and historically, Haiti's own government and those of nearby countries have shown no accountability.

That same day, I began to get calls from many organizations, people I do business with, friends asking for financial assistance and donations. I kept responding: "Get back to me on what to do for the children." "Call me on what we can do with the schools." "Can someone find me someone dealing with the orphan situation?" "Are these kids going to be out on the streets being sold into God knows what?"

I continued to be overwhelmed with requests, and to be honest, was very concerned about people taking advantage, or looking for their "moment in the spotlight to look like a savior," or that conversations seemed premature or were losing focus on the big picture.

You could not be human and look at the images and hear the stories and not feel helpless and complete empathy for those who were suffering. Amid the chaos of what was unfolding on television, I tried my best to put myself in the place of the people and children who were living this reality.

What does it feel like to lose a family member, or many family members and friends all at one time? Parents? Children? What does it feel like to be trapped inside a building that has fallen around you, in many cases for days, waiting for someone to find you and dig you out. What does it feel like to be hungry and without water for days at a time, not knowing if you will ever taste anything again?

Now, months later: What does it feel like to be abandoned? What does it feel like to have a leg amputated, no parents, and live in a tent outside an orphanage that you cannot go inside?

I can only imagine. I cannot walk in the shoes of those who lived it.

I also realized that I know nothing about emergency response, foreign aid or medical care. What I do know is that I can be effective in keeping the light on a problem -- a problem that will not be solved for a long, long time.

This is a country full of young children who will be permanently affected by this catastrophe. It is our responsibility to help Haiti solve this problem, as long as it takes to do it. We must not only rebuild the country, its roads, its buildings and its government. We also have to rebuild its children.

It is an emergency to get these children back in schools. It was already an emergency before January 12, when a large percentage of children were not in school. It is an emergency to protect their human rights, it is an emergency to give them health services and prevent diseases that have long-term impact.

We must treat these children like children. They need music and arts and sports. They need trained teachers who can educate and protect them during the school day. They need to have safe places to play. They need access to computer labs, technology and modern education tools.

I decided this is what I would focus on. How could I lead in contributing for immediate needs -- but also for those that linger? A bed to sleep in and a roof over their heads. Schools. Computers. Teachers. Books. Soccer fields. Basketball courts. Parks. That is it.

Our team traveled to Port-Au-Prince and Jacmel over the past few weeks, and we are returning again this month. We have joined in partnership with the United States Foundation for the Children of Haiti. The team met with the most amazing woman, Gladys Thomas, who has been serving the children in her homeland of Haiti since 1981.

Thomas has led the foundation in developing a full spectrum of services for the growing number of children brought into her care. We will support her organization and work to support La Foundation Pour les Enfants d'Haiti, a nonprofit and nongovernmental Haitian organization.

Our foundation O'Positive, along with Greenhouse International, will support the ongoing need to rebuild the infrastructure and buildings for School of Good Shower, Hope Hospital and Children's Hope Village, which both serve Haitian orphans in her care.

O'Positive and I will also be working on a partnership with Save the Children and Harvard University Innovation Lab in Haiti to help provide infrastructure and quality education, teacher training and supplies the children need to succeed.

So many people have already given so much. But this effort is just beginning. It has been four months since that horrible day. One-third of a year. Thousands of children are sitting in tents each day, with nowhere to go and nothing to do. It is easy to forget about what is no longer on the front page or staring you down on your TV or computer. We get back to our normal lives.

But remember, these children cannot resume their normal lives. We must not forget that in order to rebuild Haiti, we must rebuild its youth. We must not leave them behind. Their lives cannot end at the hands of an earthquake. Let's find the light in the storm, and build a future for the children.

Haiti: Cost of Registration and Elections

HMI — Sun, 22 Aug 2010 06:09:10 GMT

Authors Dr. F�lix Ulloa and Pierre-Andr� Guillaume present the approach to managing electoral costs in this ninth of nine case studies courtesy of the IFES-UNDP led Cost of Registraiton and Elections (CORE) Project.

Acknowledgement

This case study is based on information from various publications and reports of international bodies, including the Organization of American States (OAS), UNDP and the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI), on the May 2000 elections in Haiti. Additional information was obtained through personal interviews with members of the Provisional Electoral Council, (Conseil Electoral Provisoire). The author would like to extend special recognition to the Chief of the Electoral Mission of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) and his staff, who provided the most accurate financial information for the elections to be held in 2005.

This study was revised in March 2006 by Pierre-Andr� Guillaume, electoral consultant of UNDP for MINUSTAH /Electoral Assistance Section.

STRUCTURE OF THE EMB
The Conseil Electoral Permanent, Haiti�s permanent electoral authority, was established in the 1987 Constitution (articles 191 to 199). It was conceived as an independent council tasked with developing a voter register, organizing elections and serving as the tribunal for electoral disputes. However, although it was created by law, this permanent council has not been formed yet, because the Constitution calls for a full election cycle as prerequisite for establishing the council�a situation that has not occurred since the creation legal creation of the council. Therefore, since 1988 all elections have been organized by a provisional electoral authority (Conseil Electoral Provisoire, to be referred to henceforth in this section by the acronym �CEP�).

Since 30 April 2004, the CEP has been composed of a board of nine members: one appointed by the private sector; three by the Catholic, Episcopal and Lutheran churches; one by human rights organizations; one by the Supreme Court; and three by political parties.

The composition of the board was agreed following a political settlement in June 2002 and incorporated into the Resolution 822 of the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States (OAS) in September 2002. This board began to function after taking oath at the Supreme Court in May 2004, and it will continue functioning until the permanent electoral authority is set up under the constitutional procedures scheduled to begin after the newly elected president of Haiti takes office (article 134:1 Constitution).

After the resignation in December 2004 of the president of the CEP, the council continued working under the leadership of an interim president who will be confirmed as president of the council in August 2005. A Comit� d�Appui to help the executive functions of the CEP was appointed as indicated in internal by-laws.

STRUCTURE OF THE CEP OF 2005
The Provisional Electoral Council (CEP) is a hierarchical structure, with the nine board members acting as the highest level. The CEP has an electoral structure composed of departmental electoral offices at the provincial level (the Bureaux Electoraux Departementaux - BED); communal electoral offices at the district level (the Bureaux Electoraux Communaux -BEC); and voting centres (CV), formed of voting bureaus (BV) at the polling station level on Election Day.
The CEP has 11 department electoral offices (BEDs), which follow the geographical division of Haiti in departments: Ouest, Sud-Est, Nord, Nord-Est, Artibonite, Centre, Sud, Grande-Anse, Nord-Ouest and Nippes. Each department has one BED, with the only exception of the department of Ouest�the largest one� which has two: BED Ouest I and BED Ouest II.

In the departments, the BEDs are divided into Bureaux Electoraux Communaux (BECs). The number of BECs within each department varies by the number of the communes. Although Haiti has 140 communes, the CEP has 142 BECs, because Port-au-Prince, the capital, has three BECs.
Each BEC has several voting centres (CV). For the elections of 2006, the CEP will establish 803 voting centres around the country, which in turn will have several voting bureaus (BVs). For the 2006 elections, the CEP has planned to establish 9,214 BVs throughout the country.

THE BEDs and BECs
The role of the BEDs and the BECs, is to organize, manage and monitor the electoral process and to solve procedural challenges presented by political parties in a timely manner in the administrative territories under their jurisdiction. Each office is headed by a president, vice president and secretary appointed by the CEP. These three officials are assisted by two legal advisors charged with resolving electoral disputes at the local level. The departmental electoral offices are present in the following cities: North (Cap Haitien), Nord-West (Port-de-Paix), Nord-East (Fort Liberte), Artibonite (Gonaives), Grande-Anse (Jeremie), Nippes (Miragoane) and South-East (Jacmel), Plateau Central (Hinche), South (Les Cayes), West I and West II (Port-au-Prince).

The role of the voting bureaus is to manage election day operations at the polling stations during the 2006 elections.

THE VOTING CENTERS
Voting centres are accessible to the people living in the area and are designed to be easily accessed. They are situated by preference in schools, government buildings or other public facilities. Each voting centre has between 1 and 50 voting bureaus. Each voting bureau can receive a maximum 400 voters. The geographical identification of the voting centres and their physical description, the distance and travelling time from the BEC, accessibility, risk, etc., was conducted by MINUSTAH. All voting centres were approved by the CEP. A total of 9,214 voting centres have been established for 2006 elections.

THE NEW STRUCTURE OF CEP
In October 2005, the CEP will be transformed into a Conseil d�administration and will have a new mission, namely: to plan, organize and realize elections and take strategic decisions. In the meantime, a new Director General is in charge of all executive and operational aspects of the process. The general direction is divided into other components: electoral operations, administrative, legal, communication, security, etc.

THE REGISTRATION PROCESS
The voter registration operation for 2005 will be conducted with technical assistance from the Organization of American States (OAS). Of a total electoral budget of nearly $49 million, some $9 million will be allocated to the task of voter registration, which ideally will include the possibility of creating the basis for a civil register, still non-existent in the country. The overall voter registration process will be automated, instead of the current manual registration. Registration period, originally scheduled to take place from 9 August to 25 April, has been extended until 9 October 2005 in order to reach all the country. Presidential and legislative elections will take place on 7 February 2006 for the first round and on 21 April 2006 for the second round. Local elections are scheduled to take place on 18 June 2006.

All voters will receive a digital card that will gradually replace the national identification card. The OAS has established 615 offices for registration activities (400 registration centres, 185 automated registration offices, and 30 automated registration mobile units). The registration centres have been located in rural areas; the automated offices in urban areas; and the mobile units in the semi-urban areas. The number of automated centres will be adjusted as required to reach a larger number of potential voters. The registration process will take six months (April-October 2005).

As part of the operations, 3,200 polling centres will be established.. All automated registration offices will also be considered as polling centres. Voters will be advised about their voting locations during the registration process. The CEP and the international donors have approved this project to be implemented by the OAS. Some 3,535,025 identification cards are expected to be distributed by OAS to voters around all the country.

ELECTIONS CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
From 1801 to 1987, Haiti had a total of three Fundamental Acts, 22 Constitutions (two of which were imperial), 14 amendments, and one accord. Regarding electoral provisions, there have been 25 electoral acts. The current electoral law, the 3 July 2005 Electoral Act, is regulated by the 29 March 1987 Constitution as well as by the Electoral Acts of August 1990 and February 1995. There is also the Political Party Functional Law, dated 31 July 1986.
The president is elected for a five-year term (consecutive terms are forbidden, although one can hold the office a second time after a five-year hiatus). Since the reintroduction of a bicameral Parliament in 1987, deputies are elected for a four-year term and senators for a six-year term. One third of Senate seats are up for election every two years.

Under regulations for the 2006 elections, which will fill every elected seat in the country, the Senate will be composed as follow: winners by majority in the first round of the election will be elected for a six-year term. The second round will oppose the candidates who have the same quantity of votes for a four-year or a two-year term (articles 76 to 78 of the electoral decree). The main elements of the electoral system are presidential elections (articles 86 to 90), elections to Senate (articles 80 to 85), elections for Deputies (articles 74 to 79) and local elections (articles 91 to 111).
Winners at local elections are elected for a four-year term (articles 98, 102,108). Local elections will take place after the second round. They are very important, because they will permit the establishment of the Conseil Electoral Permanent called for by the current Constitution of 1987.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
After the introduction of the direct presidential election, a plurality system was established for the 1950 and 1957 elections. However, only one candidate campaigned in the 1950 election (Paul Eugene Magloire); in 1957 there were two candidates (Francois Duvalier and Louis D�joie), so the system of decision was actually the majority system. No presidential elections were held during the two Duvalier governments (1957-1986). After the fall of the Duvaliers, there have been four presidential elections: 1988 (Leslie Manigat elected), 1990 (Jean-Bertrand Aristide elected), 1995 (Rene Preval elected), and 2000 (Aristide elected again).

The president is elected via absolute majority. If no candidate achieves this majority in the first electoral round, a second round is held between the two candidates with the highest number of votes.

ELECTIONS TO THE SENATE

The country is divided in 10 departments, 99 circumscriptions, 140 communes and 570 rural sections.
Each of the 10 departments constitutes a three-member constituency. However, since one third of the Senate will be renewed at each election in the future, the country will be divided into single-member constituencies in each election.
All 30 Senators are elected via a majority system.

ELECTIONS TO THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES

The country has been divided according to population density into 99 single-member constituencies (electoral decree of 3 February 2005).
The 99 deputies, one by circumscription, are elected through a majority system during the first round.
If any candidate wins, a second round is necessary.
Seats are allocated by a first-past-the-post system, in which the candidate who has secured the most votes (not necessarily an absolute majority of the votes) is the winner.

LOCAL ELECTIONS

Local elections will take place in 140 cities and 570 rural sections on 18 June 2006. Seats are distributed on a basis of who has more votes.

AMENDEMENTS TO THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM
The new electoral decree of February 2005 was modified many times. Appeal was made at the Cour de Cassation of the contentious decisions: requirement for candidates to the Senate, rules of majority for president, requirement process for financing parties and candidates.

Various decrees are expected to be enacted by the government in the second half of 2005 about various aspects of the electoral process like the electoral lists, financing of political parties, nationality of candidates, and identification card.

ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE SECTION SUPPORT
The Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) joined MINUSTAH on 18 August 2004. This was the official starting point of Electoral Assistance Section (EAS) within MINUSTAH. The mission carried out many important tasks. It assisted the CEP in revising the electoral law by preparing working papers on the main issues involved in the drafting of the new legislation and internal by-laws. It also provided support to the CEP in formulating a chronogram of activities with sets of options. The main areas of support are: training sessions for members of CEP, political parties, civil society, voter registration plan proposal, assisting CEP staff, registration process, communication systems, budget management, establishing civic education programs, tabulation centre, electoral calendar, logistics plan, security system, procurement guidelines, procedures for the elections, establishing voting centres, legal aspects, and regional coordination.

One of the critical phases of electoral processes are the procedures around voting and counting, complaints and appeals processing, tabulation and announcement of the final results.

The greatest challenges were for the EAS to plan, work with a CEP, sometimes divided, execute complex electoral operations, solve budget problems, and participate in creating good environment to attain the objective of successful, peaceful, nationally and internationally accepted elections.

OAS ELECTORAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
The Organization of American States (OAS) voters plan provides for the establishment of approximately 615 offices for registration activities (400 registration centres, 185 automated registration mobile units). The registration will be located in the rural areas, the fixed automated in the urban area and the mobile in the semi-urban areas.
The overall voters� registration will be automated and voters will all receive a digital card (Carte d�identification nationale) that will gradually replace the �num�ro d�identification fiscal� (NIF).

OAS provided support to the CEP in creating a reliable electoral registry for the elections, issuing a secure and adequate identification card to the voters, providing the operational framework for a plan of strengthening and modernizing the civil registry and contributing to the training of electoral technicians. A high-tech registration system has been conceived. The electoral partial list (LEP) and electoral general list (LEG) have been prepared and are available at the time of the writing of this document. The registration system is fundamental for the success of the vote and the future of a strong civil register.

STRUCTURE AND CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS
The concept of operations provides for establishment and operations of the BEDs and BECs, elaborate technical strategy for registration, staffing BEDs, logistical support, purchase and deployment of transport vehicles, communication facilities, security and coordination between the MINUSTAH Electoral Unit and other institutions.

MINUSTAH UNVs
Many UNVs participate in supervision of electoral process in assigned regions. They assist CEP technicians for registration of voters, identify sites for registration and voting centres, plan training sessions, and provide logistical support to BEDs and BECs. Each BED is headed by a District Coordinator who reports directly to the Chief Electoral Officer. The district coordinator supervises the electoral process down to the communal levels.

CIVIC EDUCATION
Only $1,263,167 has been provided for civic education, despite the importance of this component of the electoral process. Under this heading comes the cost of consultants that the CEP plans to hire to conduct civic education programs over 13 months. The consultants are expected to conduct civic education programs prior to the registration process and through election day. Additional funds have been requested from donors for this line item of the budget. An intensive campaign is expected during the registration process, followed by a massive campaign to promote voter participation after political parties and candidates are registered. So far, there is nothing planned to support political party activities by either civic education NGOs or domestic monitoring groups.

As the voter registration process, public information on the electoral decree and the national identification card began in April 2005. Approximately 200,000 radio spots and 1,500 television spots have been launched. Civic education materials have been produced and distributed nationwide (500,000 posters, 1,000,000 pamphlets and 1,000 banners).

In June 2005, two important national registration days were conducted: one for women and another for civil society. It should be noted that women represent 52% of the Haitian population and this national day has significantly boosted the registration process.

TRAINING SESSIONS
In August 2005, a training of trainers� course will be conducted for 60 participants, who then in turn will have to train 550 civic education agents who are expected to then train up 3,500 civic education promoters from departmental level down to the communes.

According to the year 2003 census, 4.2 million Haitian citizens will have the right to vote in the 2006 elections. The municipal elections are expected to be held in June 2006, and the first round of the legislative and presidential elections scheduled to take place in February 2006. The second round for these elections will follow on 21 April 2006. In compliance with the Constitution, an elected legislative power will be installed in May after the second round, and the president will be sworn-in in May 2006.
The total resource requirement for the CEP, the provisional electoral council, for the period from 1 October 2004 to 31 December 2005 is planned to amount nearly $49 million, covering personnel and operational costs. The Haitian government will cover the regular costs of the CEP�s approximately 82 headquarters staff. It will also contribute $2.9 million for the extraordinary electoral budget. Three main international donors (Canada, the European Union, and the United States) have committed to provide $41 million. The financial resources for operational items have been linked to quantitative outputs.

This budget covers all elections (at least two, but possibly three) in 2006. Since the CEP is not a permanent institution and there are no other activities between election years such as updating the voting list or issuing IDs as do most permanent EMBs, there is no ordinary budget.

The substantial financial contribution of the international community, as described below, underpins the entire electoral operation in Haiti. Because of financial constraints, the national contribution is less than 10 percent of the total budget. Table 1 shows the structure of the required funds.

Table 1. Budget projection from electoral division of MINUSTAH

Category US$

Civilian personnel

National staff 4,027,939

Subtotal 4,027,939

Operational costs

Salaries for voter registration and polling officers 12,097,167

Civic education and public information 4,012,923

Official travel 96,660

Facilities and infrastructure 4,590,444

Ground transportation 2,078,571

Air transportation 169,444

Naval transportation 16,667

Communications 624,222

Information technology 6,200,000

Security

Other supplies, services and equipment 4,000,000

Other supplies, services and equipment 10,979,144

Reserve for contingency (5% CEP requirements) 2,009,635

Subtotal 45,993,180

Gross requirements 48,893,180

Government contribution (cash) 2,900,000

Net requirements 45,993,180

Voluntary contributions in kind (budgeted)

�

Total requirements 48,893,180

Note: This budget is a work-in-progress and may very well change as donor negotiations precede.
Some of the main issues and trends regarding election cost structures are detailed below.

a) Transportation
Given the precarious conditions for communications in Haiti, transport represents a major issue. Thus, the CEP will purchase approximately 200 vehicles and have three block coordinators based in Port-au-Prince to provide direct support to the electoral departmental offices in their area of responsibility. The three blocks coordinators are going to be divided in the following way: 1) South, comprising Jacmel, Les Cayes, Jeremie and Miragoane; 2) North, comprising Artibonite and Plateau Central; and 3) West, comprising Port-au-Prince. Each block coordinator will have one vehicle. The departments will be provided with three vehicles each while the communal office will receive one vehicle each. This will bring the total fleet to 191 vehicles; additional vehicles for transport of electoral equipment from seaports to storage facilities and communal sections can be rented locally. There are also ground fuel station companies that can be contracted locally. Air transport is also available in almost every commune for landing helicopters.Several seaports are available and provide facilities for unloading equipment, but storage facilities are rare. In most departments and communes, telephone facilities exist, both fixed lines and mobile services (except in Jeremie, which has no cellular phone service). There are community radio services and TV channels. Radio communication services will be placed in each department and commune to facilitate direct communication with Port-au-Prince and other departments.

b) Staffing and logistics
Local staff and logistical facilities will be provided. Office space will be provided by the government where possible, otherwise offices will be rented when it is not possible to secure government-owned premises. There will be requirements for the refurbishment of all office spaces and small construction services to ensure that the electoral infrastructures are viable. For local and temporary personnel, Table 2 outlines what is planned for electoral staff costs.

Table 2. Planning for electoral staff costs

Category of personnel

Number of personnel Duration

82* CEP 5 months

165 Departmental electoral offices 15 months

1,395 Communal electoral offices 15 months

56,000 Polling officers 3 days training

Total 57,642

* To be funded by Haitian government
National staff salaries are estimated to cost $4,027,939. Cost estimates are based on the phased recruitment and deployment of 165 staff for the departmental electoral offices and 1,395 staff for the communal electoral offices to be hired for 15 months. The cost estimate for salaries is based on $3,526,250 for departmental electoral offices and $501,689 for communal electoral offices, rates that are derived from the national salary scale rates for public servants. CEP central headquarters operating costs for approximately 82 staff will be directly funded by the government.
Voter registration officers� salaries are estimated to cost $2,017,167. According to the electoral law of 1999, each voter registration office should comprise a staff of five: a president, vice president, secretary, and two voter registration officials. The monthly salary of voter registration officers is approximately $111, while voter registration officials receive $97 for a two-month period. A total of $10,080,000 is provided for salaries of 56,000 polling officers for each of the three types of elections: municipal, legislative and presidential (first and second round). The cost estimate for polling officers� salaries is based on $60 per officer for 56,000 officers covering approximately 14,000 polling stations (300 voters per station on average). In accordance with Haiti�s electoral law, polling stations will be open from 6:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
$501,689 for communal electoral offices, rates that are derived from the national salary scale rates for public servants. CEP central headquarters operating costs for approximately 82 staff will be directly funded by the government.

Voter registration officers� salaries are estimated to cost $2,017,167. According to the electoral law of 1999, each voter registration office should comprise a staff of five: a president, vice president, secretary, and two voter registration officials. The monthly salary of voter registration officers is approximately $111, while voter registration officials receive $97 for a two-month period. A total of $10,080,000 is provided for salaries of 56,000 polling officers for each of the three types of elections: municipal, legislative and presidential (first and second round). The cost estimate for polling officers� salaries is based on $60 per officer for 56,000 officers covering approximately 14,000 polling stations (300 voters per station on average). In accordance with Haiti�s electoral law, polling stations will be open from 6:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.

c) International financial assistance
UN Security Council resolution 1542 (2004) gave MINUSTAH the mandate "To assist the Transitional Government of Haiti in its efforts to organize, monitor and carry out free and fair municipal, parliamentary and presidential elections�through the provision of technical, logistical and administrative assistance�"

OAS General Assembly resolution 2058 of June 8, 2004 calls on the OAS special Mission for Strengthening Democracy in Haiti "To assist the country�s Provisional Electoral Council in preparing, organizing and overseeing the elections and the proclamation of the results, in cooperation with MINUSTAH."

Pursuant to these provisions, the OAS and MINUSTAH approved a Memorandum of Understanding to foster cooperation and outline and assign tasks to coordinate their efforts to achieve their stated objectives.

The OAS is to be responsible for the registration of voters in the electoral process, which will create a civil register system, while MINUSTAH electoral mission will provide technical assistance to the CEP over the entire electoral process in all areas.
Of the $41 million committed by donors, $9 million has been allocated to the OAS through UNDP. The following countries and regional organizations have pledged or are considering technical assistance: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, France, Japan, Mexico, Spain, Venezuela, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and the Organization of French Speaking Countries (OIF). The international community has pledged additional funding for civic education and election observation programs, including political party activities. MINUSTAH is also preparing to establish a Trust Fund aimed at mobilizing additional resources for the elections as may be required.

MINUSTAH is assisting CEP to build internal capacity and to make efficient use of international resources. At the same time, several key organizational issues that may affect CEP staffing, including inter alia, operational planning, technical assistance and logistical support, are currently being discussed at the CEP. This extraordinary budget provides for hiring and training of 57,642 nationals: 165 departmental electoral office staff, 1,395 communal electoral office staff and 56,000 polling station officers. The total resource requirements for 2004�2005 elections have been linked to CEP objectives through a result-based framework.

About the author

Dr. F�lix Ulloa is NDI's senior resident director in Haiti, managing the Institute's programs there since 2000. Prior to joining NDI, Dr. Ulloa served as magistrate of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal in his native El Salvador from 1994 to 1999. He has taught at several universities of El Salvador, and has been invited to the Language School of Middlebury College in the United States. He also served as president of the Institute of Law of El Salvador, and has participated in elections programs for the United Nations, OAS, the International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), the Center for Elections Assistance (CAPEL), and NDI, providing oversight for electoral bodies, political parties, and civic organizations.

Dr. Ulloa has published books, essays and articles in several countries, on topics such as democracy, elections and political parties. He earned a law degree from la Universidad Complutense, Madrid, and from la Universidad de El Salvador. He has also completed other post-graduate studies at the Institut International d'Administration Publique in Paris and at the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota in the United States.

1987 CONSTITUTION OF HAITI

HMI — Fri, 20 Aug 2010 00:55:59 GMT

1987 CONSTITUTION OF HAITI
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PREAMBLE

The Haitian people proclaim this constitution in order to:
Ensure their inalienable and imprescriptible rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; in conformity with the Act of Independence of 1804 and the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1948.
Constitute a socially just, economically free, and politically independent Haitian nation.
Establish a strong and stable State, capable of protecting the country's values, traditions, sovereignty, independence and national vision.
Implant democracy, which entails ideological pluralism and political rotation and affirm the inviolable rights of the Haitian people.
Strengthen national unity by eliminating all discrimination between the urban and rural populations, by accepting the community of languages and culture and by recognizing the right to progress, information, education, health, employment and leisure for all citizens.
Ensure the separation and the harmonious distribution of the powers of the State at the service of the fundamental interests and priorities of the Nation.
Set up a system of government based on fundamental liberties, and the respect for human rights, social peace, economic equity, concerted action and participation of all the people in major decisions affecting the life of a nation, through effective decentralization.
TITLE I
The Republic of Haiti
Its emblem and its symbols
CHAPTER I
The Republic of Haiti
FIRST ARTICLE:Haiti is an indivisible, sovereign, independent, cooperatist, free, democratic and social republic.

FIRST ARTICLE-1:The city of Port-au-Prince is the capital and the seat of government. This seat may be moved elsewhere for reasons of force majeure.

ARTICLE 2:The national colors shall be blue and red.

ARTICLE 3:The emblem of the Haitian Nation shall be a flag with the following description:

a. Two (2) equal sized horizontal bands: a blue one on top and a red one underneath;

b. The coat of arms of the Republic are: a Palette surmounted by the liberty cap, and under the palms a trophy with the legend:

In Union there is Strength

ARTICLE 4:The national motto is: Liberty; Equality, Fraternity.

ARTICLE 4-1: The national anthem shall be the "Dessalinienne."

ARTICLE 5:All Haitians are united by a common language: Creole.
Creole and French are the official languages of the Republic

ARTICLE 6:The monetary unit shall be the gourde, which is divided into centimes.

ARTICLE 7:The cult of the personality is categorically forbidden. Effigies and names of living personages may not appear on the currency, stamps, seals, public buildings, streets or works of art.

ARTICLE 7-1:Use of effigies of deceased persons must be approved by the Legislature.

CHAPTER II

Territory of the Haitian Republic

ARTICLE 8:The territory of the Haitian Republic comprises:

a. The western part of the island of Haiti and the adjacent island of la Geneva, La Tortue, I'Ile � Vache, les Cayemittes, La Navase, La Grande Caye and the other islands of the Territorial Sea;

b)It is bounded on the east by the Dominican Republic, on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south and west by the Caribbean Sea or Sea of the Antilles;

c. The air space over the land sea of the Republic.

ARTICLE 8-1:The territory of the Haitian Republic is inviolable and may not be alienated either in whole or in part by any treaty or convention.

ARTICLE 9:The territory of the Republic is divided and subdivided into Departments, Arrondissements, Comunes, Quartiers and Comunal actions.

ARTICLE 9-1:The law determines the number and boundaries of these divisions and subdivisions, and regulates their organization and operation.

TITLE II

Haitian Nationality

ARTICLE 10:The regulations governing Haitian nationality shall be determined by law.

ARTICLE 11:Any person born of a Haitian father or Haitian mother who are themselves native-born Haitians and have never renounced their nationality possesses Haitian nationality at the time of birth.

ARTICLE 12:Haitian nationality may be adquired by naturalization.

ARTICLE 12-1:After five years of continuous residence in the territory of the Republic, any foreigner may obtain Haitian nationality by naturalization, in conformity with the regulations established by law.

ARTICLE 12-2:Haitians by naturalization shall be allowed to exercise the right to vote but they must wait five(5) years after the date of their naturalization to be eligible to hold public posts other than those reserved by the Constitution and by law for native-born Haitians.

ARTICLE 13:Haitian nationality is lost by:

a. Naturalization in a foreign country;

b. Holding a political post in the service of a foreign country;

c. Continuous residence abroad of a naturalized Haitian without duly granted authorization by a competent official. Anyone who loses his nationality in this manner may not reacquire it.

ARTICLE 14:A naturalized Haitian may recover his Haitian nationality by meeting all of the conditions and formalities imposed on aliens by the law.

ARTICLE 15:Dual Haitian and foreign nationality is in no case permitted.

TITLE III

Basic Rights and Duties of the Citizen

CHAPTER I

The Nature of the Citizenship

ARTICLE 16:Citizenship entails both civil and political rights.

ARTICLE 16-1:The enjoyment, exercise , suspension and loss of these rights are regulated by law.

ARTICLE 16-2:The age of majority is eighteen (18) years.

ARTICLE 17:Al Haitians, regardless of sex or marital status, who have attained twenty-one years of age may exercise their political and civil rights if the meet the other conditions prescribed by the Constitution and by law.

ARTICLE 18:Haitians shall be equal before the law, subject to the special advantages conferred on native-born Haitians who have never renounced their nationality.

CHAPTER II

Basic Rights

SECTION A

Right to life and Health

ARTICLE 19:The State has the absolute obligation to guarantee the right to life, health, and respect of the human person for all citizens without distinction, in conformity with the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man.

ARTICLE 20:The death penalty is abolished in all cases.

ARTICLE 21:The crime of high treason consists in bearing arms in a foreign army against the Republic, serving a foreign nation in a conflict with the Republic, in any official's stealing state property, intrusted to his management, or any violation of the Constitution by those responsible for enforcing it.

ARTICLE 21-1:The crime of high treason is punishable by forced labor for life without commutation of sentence.

ARTICLE 22:The State recognizes the right of every citizen to decent housing, education, food and social security.

ARTICLE 23:The State has the obligation to ensure for all citizens in all territorial divisions appropriate means to ensure protection, maintenance and restoration of their health by establishing hospitals, health centers and dispensaries.

SECTION B

Individual Liberty

ARTICLE 24:Individual liberty is guaranteed and protected by the State.

ARTICLE 24-1:No one may be prosecuted, arrested or detained except in the cases determined by law and in the manner it prescribes.

ARTICLE 24-2:Except where the perpetrator of a crime is caught in the act, no one may be arrested or detained other than by written order of a legally competent official.

ARTICLE 24-3:For such an order to be carried out, the following requirements must be met:

a. It must formally state the reason in Creole and in French for the arrest or detention and the provision of the law that provides for punishment of the act charged.

b. Legal notice must be given and a copy of the order must be left with the accused at the time of its execution;

c. The accursed must be notified of his right to be assisted by counsel at all phases of the investigation of the case up to the final judgment;

d. Except where the perpetrator of a crime is caught in the act, no arrest by warrant and no search may take place between six (6) p.m. and six (6) a.m.

e. Responsibility for an offense is personal, and no one may be arrested in the place of another.

ARTICLE 25:Any unnecessary force or restraint in the apprehension of a person or in keeping him under arrest, or any psychological pressure or physical brutality, especially during interrogation, is forbidden.

ARTICLE 25-1:No one may be interrogated without his attorney or a witness of his choice being present.

ARTICLE 26:No one may be kept under arrest more than forty-eight (48) hours unless he has appeared before a judge asked to rule on the legality of the arrest and the judge has confirmed the arrest by a well-founded decision;

ARTICLE 26-1:In the case of a petty violation, the accursed shall be referred to a justice of the peace, who shall then hand down a final decision.

In the case for more serious offenses or crimes, an appeal may be filed, without prior permission, simply by addressing a petition to the presiding judge of the competent civil court, who, on the basis of the oral statement of the prosecutor, shall rule on the legality of the arrest and detention, in a special session of the court, without postponement or rotation of judges, all other cases being suspended.

ARTICLE 26-2:If the arrest is judged to be illegal, the judge shall order the immediate release of the arrested person and that order shall be enforceable immediately, regardless of any appeal to a higher court or the supreme court for an order forbidding enforcement of the judgment.

ARTICLE 27:Any violation of the provisions on individual liberty are arbitrary acts. Injured parties may, without prior authorization, appeal to the competent courts, to bring suit against the authors and perpetrators of these arbitrary acts, regardless of their rank or the body to which they belong.

ARTICLE 27-1:Government officials and employees are directly liable under civil and administrative criminal law for acts carried out in violation of rights. In such cases, civil liability extends to the State as well.

SECTION C

Freedom of Expression

ARTICLE 28:Every Haitian has the right to express his opinions freely on any matter by any means he chooses.

ARTICLE 28-1:Journalists shall freely exercise their profession within the framework of the law. Such exercise may not be subject to any authorization or censorship, except in the case of war.

ARTICLE 28-2:Journalists may not be compelled to reveal their sources. However, it is their duty to verify the authenticity and accuracy of information. It is also this obligation to respect the ethics of their profession.

ARTICLE 28-3:All offenses involving the press and abuses of the right of expression come under the code of criminal law.

ARTICLE 29:The right of petition is recognized. It is exercised personally by one or more citizens but never in the name of a body.

ARTICLE 29-1:All petitions to the Legislative Branch must give rise to the regulatory procedure for ruling upon their purpose.

SECTION D

Freedom of Conscience

ARTICLE 30:All religions and faiths shall be freely exercised. Everyone is entitled to profess his religion and practice his faith, provided the exercise of that right does not disturb law and order.

ARTICLE 30-1:No one may be compelled to belong to a religious organization or to follow a religious teaching contrary to his convictions.

ARTICLE 30-2:The law establishes the conditions for recognition and practice of religions and faiths.

SECTION E

Freedom of Aassenbly and Association

ARTICLE 31:Freedom of unarmed assembly and association for political, economic, social, cultural or any other peaceful purposes is guaranteed.

ARTICLE 31-1:Political parties and groups shall compete with each other in the exercise of suffrage. They may be established and may carry outh their activities freely. They must respect the principles of national and democratic sovereignty. The law determines the conditions for their recognition and operation, and the advantages and privileges reserved to them.

ARTICLE 31-2:The police authorities must be notified in advance of assemblies outdoors in public places.

ARTICLE 31-3:No one may be compelled to join any association of any kind.

SECTION F

Education aaand Teaching

ARTICLE 32:The State guarantees the right to education. It sees to the physical, intellectual, moral, professional, social and civic training of the population.

ARTICLE 32-1:Education is the responsibility of the State and its territorial divisions. They must make schooling available to all, free of charge, and ensure that public and private sector teachers are properly trained.

ARTICLE 32-2:The first responsibility of the State and its territorial divisions is education of the masses, which is the only way the country can be developed. The State shall encourage and facilitate private enterprise in this field.

ARTICLE 32-3:Primary schooling is compulsory under penalties to be prescribed by law. Classroom facilities and teaching materials shall be provided by the State to elementary school students free of charge.

ARTICLE 32-4:Agricultural, vocational, cooperative and technical training is a fundamental responsibility of the State and its communes.

ARTICLE 32-5:Preschool and maternal training, as well as nonformal education are encouraged.

ARTICLE 32-6:Higher education shall be open to all, on an equal bases, according to merit only.

ARTICLE 32-7:The State shall see to it that each territorial division, communal Section, commune or Department shall have the essential educational establishments adapted to the needs of their development, without however prejudicing the priorities assigned to agricultural, vocational, cooperative and technical training, which must be widely disseminated.

ARTICLE 32-8:The State guarantees that the handicapped and the gifted shall have the means to ensure their autonomy, education and independence.

ARTICLE 32-9:The State and its territorial divisions have the duty to make all necessary provisions to intensify the literacy campaign for the masses. they encourage all private initiatives to that end.

ARTICLE 32-10:Teachers are entitled to a fair salary.

ARTICLE 33:There shall be freedom of education at all levels. This freedom shall be exercised under the control of the State.

ARTICLE 34:Except where perpetrators of crimes are caught in the act, the premises of educational establishments are inviolable. No police forces may enter them except with the permission of the supervisors of those establishments.

ARTICLE 34-1:This provision does not apply when an educational establishment is used for the purposes.

SECTION G

Freedom to Work

ARTICLE 35:Freedom to work is guaranteed. every citizen has the obligation to engage in work of his choice to meet his own and his family's needs, and to cooperate with the State in the establishment of a social security system.

ARTICLE 35-1:Every employee of a private or public institution is entitled to a fair wage, to rest, to a paid annual vacation and to a bonus.

ARTICLE 35-2:The State guarantees workers equal working conditions and wages regardless of their sec, beliefs, opinions and marital status.

ARTICLE 35-3:Trade union freedom is guaranteed. any worker in the public or private sector may join a union representing his particular occupation solely to protect his work interests.

ARTICLE 35-4:Unions are essentially nonpolitical, nonprofit, and nondenominational. No one may be forced to join a union.

ARTICLE 35-5:The right to strike is recognized under the limits set by law.

ARTICLE 35-6:The minimum age for gainful employment is set by law. Special laws govern the work of minors and servants.

SECTION H

Property

ARTICLE 36:Private property is recognized and guaranteed. The law specifies the manner of acquiring and enjoying it, and the limits placed upon it.

ARTICLE 36-1:Expropriation for a public purpose may be effected only by payment or deposit ordered by a court in favor of the person entitled thereto, of fair compensation established in advance by an expert evaluation.

If the initial project is abandoned, the expropriation is canceled. The property may not be subject to any speculation and must be restored to its original owner without any reimbursement for the small holder. the expropriation measure is effective upon the startup of the project.

ARTICLE 36-2:Nationalization and confiscation of goods, property and buildings for political reasons are forbidden.

No one may be deprived of his legitimate right of ownership other than by a final judgment by a court of ordinary law, except under an agrarian reform.

ARTICLE 36-3:Ownership also entails obligations. Uses of property cannot be contrary to the general interest.

ARTICLE 36-4:Landowners must cultivate, work, and protect their land, particularly against erosion. the penalty for failure to fulfill this obligation shall be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE 36-5:The right to own property does not extend to the coasts, springs, rivers, water courses, mines and quarries. They are part of the State's public domain.

ARTICLE 36-6:The law shall establish regulations governing freedom to prospect for and work mines, or bearing earths, and quarries, ensuring an equal share of the profits of such exloitation to the owner of the land and to the Haitian State or its concessionnaires.

ARTICLE 37:The law shall set conditions for land division and aggregation in terms of a territorial management plan and the well-being of the communities concerned, within the framework of agrarian reform.

ARTICLE 38:Scientific, literary and artistic property is protected by law.

ARTICLE 39:The inhabitants of the Communal Sections have the right of preemption for the exploitation of the State's land in the private domain located in their locality.

SECTION I

Right to Information

ARTICLE 40:The State has the obligation to publicize in the oral, written and televised press in the Creole and French languages all laws, orders, decrees, international agreements, treaties, and conventions on everything affecting the national life, except for information concerning national security.

SECTION J

Right to Security

ARTICLE 41:No person of Haitian nationality may be deported or forced to leave the national territory for any reason. No one may be deprived for political reasons of his legal capacity and his nationality.

ARTICLE 41-1:No Haitian needs a visa to leave or return to the country.

ARTICLE 42:No citizen, whether civilian or military, may be denied access to the courts open to him under the Constitution and the laws.

ARTICLE 42-1:Military personnel accused of the crime of high treason against the country shall be tried in a court of ordinary law.

ARTICLE 42-2:Military courts have jurisdiction only:

a. In the case of violation by military personnel of regulations in the Manual of Military Justice;

b. In the case of conflicts between members of the armed forces;

c. In the case of war.

ARTICLE 42-3:Cases of conflicts between civilians and military personnel, abuses, violence and crimes perpetrated against a civilian by a member of the military in the performance of his duties are under the jurisdiction of courts for ordinary law.

ARTICLE 43:No house search or seizure of papers may take place except under the terms of the law and in the manner prescribed by it.

ARTICLE 44:Persons detained temporarily awaiting trial must be held separately from those who are serving sentence.

ARTICLE 44-1:Prisons must be operated in accordance with standards reflecting respect for human dignity according to the law on this subject.

ARTICLE 45:No penalty may be established except by law nor applied except in cases that the law determines.

ARTICLE 46:No own may be compelled in cases of crimes, minor offenses, or petty violations to bear witness against himself or his relatives up to the fourth degree of consanguinity or the second degree of affinity.

ARTICLE 47:No one may be compelled to take an oath except in the cases and in the manner provided for by law.

ARTICLE 48:The State shall see to it that a Civil Pension Retirement Fund is established in the public and private sectors. The fund shall receive contributions from employers and employees, in accordance with the criteria and in the manner established by law. The granting of a pension is a right and not a privilege.

ARTICLE 49:Freedom and privacy of correspondence and any other forms of communication are inviolable. They may be limited only by a well-founded judicial ruling, according to the guarantees by law.

ARTICLE 50:Under the Constitution and the law, a jury is established in criminal cases for violent crimes and political offenses.

ARTICLE 51:The law may not be made retroactive except in criminal cases when it favors the accused.

CHAPTER III

Duties of the Citizen

ARTICLE 52:Citizenship entails civic duties. Every right is counterbalanced by a corresponding duty.

ARTICLE 52-1:Civic duties are the citizen's moral, political, social and economic obligations as a hole to the State and the country. These obligations are:

a. To respect the Constitution and the national emblem;

b. To respect the laws;

c. To vote in elections without constraint;

d. To pay his taxes;

e. To serve on a jury;

f. To defend the country in the event of war;

g. To educate and improve himself;

h. To respect and protect the environment;

i. To respect scrupulously the revenues and properties of the State;

j. To respect the property of others;
k. To work to maintain peace;

l. To provide assistance to persons in danger;

m. To respect the rights and freedom of others.

ARTICLE 52-2:Failure to abide by these provisions shall be punishable by law.

ARTICLE 52-3:Compulsory civic service for both sexes is established. The terms thereof shall be set by law.

TITLE IV

Aliens

ARTICLE 53:The conditions under which aliens may be admitted to or remain in the country are established by law.

ARTICLE 54:Aliens in the territory of the Republic shall enjoy the same protection accorded to Haitians, under the law.

ARTICLE 54-1:Aliens enjoy civil, economic and social rights subject to legal provisions on the right to own real property, the practice of a profession, engaging in wholesale trade, serving as a commercial representative, and engaging in import and export operations.

ARTICLE 55:The right to own real property is accorded to aliens resident in Haiti for the needs of their sojourn in the country.

ARTICLE 55-1:However, aliens residing in Haiti may not own more than one dwelling in the name Arrondissement. They may in no case engage int he business of renting real estate. However, foreign companies engaged in real estate promotion shall receive the benefits of a special status regulated by law.

ARTICLE 55-2:The right to own real property shall be accorded also to aliens residing in Haiti and to foreign companies for the needs of their agricultural, commercial, industrial, religious, humanitian or educational enterprises, within the limits and under the conditions prescribed by law.

ARTICLE 55-3:No alien may be the owner of a building bounded by the Haitian land order.

ARTICLE 55-4:The right terminates five(5) years after an alien ceases to reside in the country or the operation of this companies have terminates, pursuant to the law establishing regulations to be followed for the transmission and liquidation of property owned by aliens.

ARTICLE 55-5:Violators of the above provisions and their accomplices shall be punished as provided for in the law.

ARTICLE 56:An alien may be expelled from the territory of the Republic if he becomes involved in the political life of the country, or in cases determined by law.

ARTICLE 57:The right to asylum for political refugees is recognized.

TITLE V

National Sovereignty

ARTICLE 58:National sovereignty is vested in all citizens.

Citizens directly exercise the prerogatives of sovereignty by:

a. Electing the President of the Republic;

b. Electing members of the Legislature;

c. Electing members of all other bodies or all assemblies provided for by the Constitution and by law.

ARTICLE 59:Citizens delegate the exercise of national sovereignty to three (3) branches of government:

1. The Legislative Branch;

2. The Executive Branch;

3. The Judicial Branch.

The principle of separation of the Three (3) branches is embodied in the Constitution.

ARTICLE 59-1:The Three (3) branches constitute the essential foundation of the organization of the State, which is civil.

ARTICLE 60:Each branch is independent of the other two (2) in the powers it exercises separately.

ARTICLE 60-1:None of them may, for any reason, delegate their powers in all or in part, nor go beyond the bounds set for them by the Constitution and by law.

ARTICLE 60-2:Each of the Three (3) branches is entirely responsible for its own acts.

CHAPTER I

Territorial Divisions And Decentralization

ARTICLE 61:The territorial divisions are the Communal Sections, the Communes and the Departments.

ARTICLE 61-1:The law may create any other territorial division.

SECTION A

Communal Sections

ARTICLE 62:The CommunalSection is the smallest administrative territorial entity of the Republic.

ARTICLE 63:Each Communal Section is administered by a council of three (3) members elected by universal suffrage for four (4) years. They may be re-elected an indefinite number of times.

Their mode of organization and operation is regulated by law.

ARTICLE 63-1:The Administrative Council of the Communal Section is assisted in its work by an Assembly of the Communal Section.

ARTICLE 64:The state is obligated to establish for each Communal Section the structures required for social, economic, civic and cultural training of its population.

ARTICLE 65:Members of the Administrative Council of the Communal Section must:

a. Be Haitians and be at least twenty-five (25) years of age;

b. Have resided in the Communal Section for two (2) years before the elections and continue to reside there:

c. Enjoy civil and political rights and never been sentenced to death, personal restraint or penal servitude or the loss of civil rights.

SECTION B

Communes

ARTICLE 66:Communes have administrative and financial autonomy. Each Commune of the Republic is administered by a Council, known as the Municipal Council, of three (3) members elected by universal suffrage.

ARTICLE 66-1:The President of the council is assisted in its work by a Municipal Assembly composed among others, of a representative of each of its Communal sections.

ARTICLE 67:The Municipal Council is assisted in its work by a Municipal Assembly composed, among others, of a representative of each of its Communal Sections.

ARTICLE 68:The Municipal term is four (4) years, and its members may be re-elected for an indefinite number of terms.

ARTICLE 69:The mode of organization and operation of the Commune and the Municipal Council are regulated by law.

ARTICLE 70:Members of a Municipal Council must:

a. Be Haitians;

b. Have attained twenty-five (25) years of age;

c. Enjoy civil and political rights;

d. Have never been sentenced to death, personal restraint or penal servitude or the loss of civil rights;

e. Have resided at least three (3) years in the Commune and undertake to reside there for the duration of their term.

ARTICLE 71:Each Municipal Council is assisted at its request by a Technical Council furnished by the Central Government.

ARTICLE 72:The Municipal Council may be dissolved for negligence, embezzlement, or maladministration, legally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction.

If it is dissolved, the Departmental Council shall immediately fill the vacancy and call upon the Permanent Electoral Council to elect, in sixty (60) days starting from the date the Council is dissolved, a new Council and shall manage the affairs of the Commune for the remainder of the term. This procedure also applies to vacancies occurring for any other reason.

ARTICLE 73:The Municipal Council manages its resources for the exclusive benefit of the Municipality and renders its accounts to the Municipal Assembly which in turn reports to the Departmental Council.

ARTICLE 74:The Municipal Council has priority in management of the State's real property in the private domain located within the limits of its Commune. They may not be subject to any transaction without the prior consent of the Municipal Assembly.

SECTION C

Arrondissements

ARTICLE 75:The Arrondissement is an administrative division that may comprise several Communes. Its organization and operations are governed by law.

SECTION D

DEPARTMENTS

ARTICLE 76:The Department is the largest territorial division. It comprises the Arrondissements.

ARTICLE 77:The Department has legal personality and is autonomous.

ARTICLE 78:Each Department is administered by a Council of three (3) members elected for four (4) years by the Departmental Assembly.

ARTICLE 79:Members of the Departmental Council are not necessarily drawn from the Assembly, but they must:

a. Be Haitians and at least twenty-five (25) years of age;

b. Have resided in the Department three (3) years before the elections and undertake to remain there during their term;

c. Enjoy civil and political rights and have newer been sentenced to death, personal restraint, or penal servitude or the loss of civil rights.

ARTICLE 80:The departmental Council is assisted in its work by a Departmental Assembly made up of:

One (1) representative form each Municipal Assembly.

ARTICLE 80-1:The following may attend Assembly meetings in an advisory capacity:

a. Deputies and Senators of the Department;

b. One (1) representative of each socie-professional association or union;

c. The Departmental Delegate;

d. The Director of Public Services of the Department.

ARTICLE 81:The Departmental Council draws up the Department's development plan in cooperation with the Central Government.

ARTICLE 82:The organization and operations of the Departmental Council and the Departmental Assembly are regulated by law.

ARTICLE 83:The Departmental Council manages its financial resources for the exclusive benefit of the Department and renders its accounts to the Departmental Assembly, which in turn reports to the Central Government.

ARTICLE 84:The Departmental Council may be dissolved in the event of embezzlement or maladministration legally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction.

If it is dissolved, the Central Government appoints a Provisional Commission and calls upon the Permanent Electoral Council to elect a new Council for the remainder of the term within sixty (60) days of the dissolution.

SECTION E

Delegates and Vice Presidents

ARTICLE 85:In each Departmental Capital, the Executive Branch appoints a Representative, who bears the title of Delegate. A Vice Delegate placed under the authority of the Delegate is also appointed in each Arrondissement Capital.

ARTICLE 86:Delegates and Vice Delegates ensure coordination and control of public services and exercise no repressive police function.

Other duties of delegates and Vice Delegates are determined by law.

SECTION F

Interdepartamental Council

ARTICLE 87:The Executive is assisted by an Interdepartmental Council, the members of which are designated by the Departmental Assemblies on the basis of one (1) per Department.

ARTICLE 87-1:This Representative chosen form among the members of the Departmental Assemblies serves as liaison between the Department and the Executive Branch.

ARTICLE 87-2:The interdepartmental Council, in concert with the executive, studies and plans projects for decentralization and development of the country from the social, economic, commercial, agricultural and industrial standpoint.

ARTICLE 87-3:It attends working meetings of the Council of Ministers, when they discuss subjects mentioned in the preceding paragraph and has the right to vote.

ARTICLE 87-4:Decentralization must be accompanied by deconcentration of public services with delegation of power and industrial decompartmentalization for the benefit of the departments.

ARTICLE 87-5:The law determines the organization and operation of the Interdepartmental Council, and the frequency of the meetings of the Council of Ministers, in which it participates.

CHAPTER II

The Legislative Branch

ARTICLE 88:Legislative power shall be vested in two (2) representative Houses. One (1) House of Deputies and one (1) Senate, comprising the Legislature or Parliament.

SECTION A

The House of Deputies

ARTICLE 89:The House of Deputies is a body composed of members elected by direct suffrage by the citizens and is responsible for exercising, on their behalf and in concert with the Senate, the functions of the legislative branch.

ARTICLE 90:Each Municipal Authority comprises an electoral district and elects one (1) Deputy.

The law sets up to three (3) the number of Deputies at the level of large built-up areas.

Pending application of the above subparagraphs, the number of Deputies may not be fewer than seventy (70).

ARTICLE 90-1:Deputies are elected by an absolute majority of votes cast in the Primary Assemblies, according to the conditions and in the manner prescribed by the Electoral Law.

ARTICLE 91:To be elected a member of the House of Deputies, a person must:

1. Be a native Haitian and have never renounced his nationality;

2. Have attained twenty-five (25) years of age;
3. Enjoy civil and political rights and never have been sentenced to death, personal restraint or penal servitude or the loss of civil rights for any crime of ordinary law;

4. Have resided at least two (2) consecutive years prior to the date of the elections in the electoral district he is to represent;

5. Own at least one real property in the district and practice a profession or trade;

6. Have been relieved, if need be, of his responsibilities as a manager of public funds.

ARTICLE 92:Deputies are elected for four (4) years and may be reelected an indefinite number of times.

ARTICLE 92-1:The take office on the second Monday of January, and sit in two (2) annual meetings. The duration of their term comprises a legislative session.

ARTICLE 92-2:The first session runs from the second Monday of January to the second Monday of May; the second session, from the second Monday of June to the second Monday of September.

ARTICLE 92-3:The House of Deputies is completely replaced every four (4) years.

ARTICLE 93:Beside the duties conferred upon it by the Constitution as a branch of the Legislature, the House of Deputies has the duty of arraigning the Chief of State, the Prime Minister, the Ministers and the Secretaries of State before the High Court of Justice, by a majority of two-thirds (2/3) of this members. The other powers of the House of Deputies are assigned by the Constitution and by law.

SECTION B

The Senate

ARTICLE 94:The Senate is a body composed of members elected by direct suffrage of the citizens and charged with exercising on their behalf, in concert with the House of Deputies, the duties of the Legislative Branch.

ARTICLE 94-1:The number of Senators is set at three (3) per Department.

ARTICLE 94-2:A Senator of Republic is elected by universal suffrage by an absolute majority of votes in the Primary Assemblies held in the geographic Departments, under the terms prescribed by the Electoral Law.

ARTICLE 95:Senators are elected for six (6) years and may be reelected an indefinite number of times.

ARTICLE 95-1:The Senate is permanently session.

ARTICLE 95-2:The Senate may however adjourn, but not during the Legislative Section. When it adjourns, it leaves a permanent, committee charged with handling current business. The committee may not make any decisions, except to convene the Senate.

In emergencies, the Executive may also convene the Senate before the end of the adjournment period.

ARTICLE 95-3:One-third (1/3) of the Senate is replaced every two (2) years.

ARTICLE 96:To be elected to the Senate, a person must:

1. Be a native-born Haitian and never have renounced his nationality;

2. Have attained thirty (30) years of age;

3. Enjoy civil and political rights and never have been sentenced to death, personal restraint or penal servitude or the loss of civil rights for a crime of ordinary law;

4. Have resided in the Department he will represent, at least four (4) consecutive years prior to the date of the elections;

5. Own at least one (1) real property in the Department and practice a profession or trade there;

6. Have been relieved, if need be, of his responsibilities as a manager of public funds.

ARTICLE 97:In addition to the responsibilities incumbent upon it as a branch of the Legislature, the Senate shall have the following powers:

1. To propose to the Executive the list of Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation) justices according to the provisions of the Constitution;

2. Constitute itself as a High Court of Justice;

3. Exercise all other powers assigned to it by this Constitution and by law.

SECTION C

The National Assembly

ARTICLE 98:The meeting in a single Assembly of the two (2) branches of the Legislature constitutes the National Assembly.

ARTICLE 98-1:The National Assembly meets to open and close each session and in all cases provided for by the Constitution.

ARTICLE 98-2:The powers of the National Assembly are limited and may not be extended to matters other than those especially assigned to it by the Constitution.

ARTICLE 98-3:The Assembly's powers are:

1. To receive the constitutional oath of the President of the Republic;

2. To ratify any decision to declare war when all efforts at conciliation have failed;

3. To approve or reject international treaties and conventions;

4. To amend the Constitution according to the procedure indicated herein;

5. To ratify decisions of the Executive to move the seat of the Government in cases determined by the first article of this Constitution;

6. To decide on when a state of siege shall be declared, to order with the Executive that Constitutional guarantees shall be suspended, and to decide on any request to renew that measure;

7. To contribute to selecting members of the Permanent Electoral Council, pursuant to article 92 of this Constitution;

8. To receive at the opening of each session the report on the Government's activities.

ARTICLE 99:The National Assembly is presided over by the President of the Senate, assisted by the President of the House of Deputies acting as Vice President. the Secretaries of the Senate and the House of Deputies are the Secretaries of the National Assembly.

ARTICLE 99-1:In the event the President of the Senate is unable to discharge his duties, the National Assembly shall be presided over by the President of the House of Deputies, and the Vice President of the Senate shall then become Vice President of the National Assembly.

ARTICLE 99-2:In the event the two (2) Presidents are unable to discharge their duties, the two (2) Vice-Presidents shall replace them, respectively.

ARTICLE 100:Sessions of the National Assembly are public. However, they may be held in closed session at the request of five (5) members, and the resumption of public sessions shall then be decided by an absolute majority.

ARTICLE 101:In emergencies, when the Legislature is not in session, the Executive Branch may call a special session of the National Assembly.

ARTICLE 102:The National Assembly may not meet or take decisions and pass resolutions without a majority of each of the two (2) Houses being present.

ARTICLE 103:The Legislature has its seat in Port-au-Prince. However, depending on the circumstances, this seat may be transferred elsewhere to the same place and at the same time as that of the Executive Branch.

SECTION D

Exercise of Legislative Power

ARTICLE 104:A session of the Legislature dates from the opening of the two (2) Houses meeting as the National Assembly.

ARTICLE 105:In the interval between regular sessions and in emergencies, the President of the Republic may call a special session of the Legislature.

ARTICLE 106:The Chief of the Executive Branch reports on that measure by a message.

ARTICLE 107:In the event the Legislature is convened in special session, it may not decide on any matter other than that for which it was called.

ARTICLE 107-1:However, any Senator or Deputy may introduce a matter of general interest in an Assembly of which he is a member.

ARTICLE 108:Each House checks and validates the credentials of its members and is the final judge of any disputes that may arise in this regard.

ARTICLE 109:The members of each House shall take the following oath:

"I swear to discharge my duties, to maintain and safeguard the rights of the people, and to be faithful to the Constitution".

ARTICLE 110:Meetings of the two (2) Houses are public. Each House may meet in closed session at the request of five (5) members, and the decision to resume public meetings shall then be taken by a majority vote.

ARTICLE 111:The Legislature takes the laws on all matters of public interest.

ARTICLE 111-1:Laws may be initiated by each of the two (2) Houses as well as by the Executive Branch.

ARTICLE 111-2:However, only the Executive Branch may initiate budget laws, laws concerning the assessment, percentage and manner of collecting taxes and contributions, and laws designed to generate revenues or to increase revenues and expenditures of the Government, Bills introduced on these matters must be voted on first by the House of Deputies.

ARTICLE 111-3:In the event of disagreement between the two (2) Houses regarding the laws mentioned in the preceding paragraph, each House shall appoint, by voting on a list of an equal number of members, a parliamentary committee that will make a final decision on the disagreement.

ARTICLE 111-4:If a disagreement occurs with regard to any other law, a decision on it will be postponed until the following session. If, at that session, and even in the case of replacement of the Houses no agreement is reached on the law when it is introduced again, each House shall appoint, by taking a vote on a list of an equal number of members, a parliamentary committee to decide on the final text that will be submitted to the two (2) Assemblies, beginning with the one that originally voted on the law. If these additional deliberations produce no result, the Bill or proposed law will be withdrawn.

ARTICLE 111-5:In the event of disagreement between the Legislature and the Executive Branch, the disagreement shall, at the request of one of the parties, be referred to the Conciliation Committee provided for in article 206 below.

ARTICLE 111-6:If the Committee fails to reach a decision it shall draw up a report of nonconciliation, which it shall remit to the two (2) high parties and inform the Supreme Court thereof.

ARTICLE 111-7:Within two weeks of receipt of this report, the disagreement shall be referred to the Supreme Court. Sitting as a full court, the Court shall hand down its decision forthwith, setting all other matters aside. Its decision shall be final and is binding on the high parties. If, meanwhile, the high parties reach agreement, the terms of the agreement shall as a matter of course terminate the procedure under way.

ARTICLE 111-8:In no case may the House of Deputies or the Senate be dissolved or adjourned, nor shall the terms of their members be extended.

ARTICLE 112:Each House shall, in accordance with its regulations appoint its staff, establish discipline for them and determine the manner in which they shall perform their duties.

ARTICLE 112-1:Each House may impose on its members for reprehensible conduct, by a two thirds (2/3) majority vote, disciplinary penalties, except for expulsion.

ARTICLE 113:Any member of the Legislature shall be disqualified as a Deputy or Senator, if, during his term, he has received a final sentence by a court of regular law, which renders him ineligible to serve.

ARTICLE 114:Members of the Legislature are inviolable form the day the take oath up to the expiration of their term, subject to the provisions of article 115 below.

ARTICLE 114-1:They may at no time be prosecuted or attacked for the opinions and votes cast by them in the discharge o their duties.

ARTICLE 114-2:No member of the Legislature shall be subject to civil imprisonment during his term of office.

ARTICLE 115:No member of the Legislature may during his term be arrested under ordinary law for a crime, a minor offense or a petty violation, except by authorization of the House of which he is a member, unless he is apprehended in the act of committing an offense punishable by death, personal restraint or penal servitude or the loss of civil rights. In that case, the matter is referred to the House of Deputies or the Senate without delay of the Legislature is in session, and if not, it shall be taken up the next regular or special session.

ARTICLE 116:Neither of the two (2) Houses may sit or take action without the presence of a majority of its members.

ARTICLE 117:All acts of the Legislature must be approved by a majority of the members present, unless otherwise stipulated in this Constitution.

ARTICLE 118:Each House has the right to investigate matters brought before it.

ARTICLE 119:All bills must be voted on article by article.

ARTICLE 120:Each House has the right to amend and to divide articles and amendments proposed. Amendments voted on by one House may be part of a bill only after it has been voted on by the other House in the same forme and in identical terms. No bill shall become a law until it has been voted on in the same form by the two (2) Houses.

ARTICLE 120-2:Any bill may be withdrawn from discussion so long as it has not been finally voted upon.

ARTICLE 121:Any bill passed by the Legislature shall be immediately forwarded to the President of the Republic, who, before promulgation it, has the right to make objections to it in all or in part.

ARTICLE 121-1:In such cases, the President of the Republic send back the bill with his objections to the House where it was originally passed, If the bill is amended by that house, it is sent to the other Houses with the objections.

ARTICLE 121-2:If the bill thus amended is voted on by the second House, it will be sent back to the President of the Republic for promulgation.

ARTICLE 121-3:If the objection are rejected by the House that originally passed the bill, it shall be returned to the other House with the objections.

ARTICLE 121-4:If the second House also votes to reject it, the bill is sent back to the President of the Republic, who must then promulgate it.

ARTICLE 121-5:Rejection of the objection is voted on by either House by the majority stipulated in article 117. In such cases, the votes of each House shall be taken by secret ballot.

ARTICLE 121-6:If in either House the Majority stipulated in the preceding paragraph is not obtained for the rejection, the objections are accepted.

ARTICLE 122:The right of objection must be exercised within eight (8) full days starting with the date of the receipt of the bill by the President of the Republic.

ARTICLE 123:If within the prescribed deadline, the President of the Republic has made expiration, the bill must be promulgated unless the session of the Legislature has ended before exploration of the deadline, in which case, the bill is deferred. At the opening of the following session, the bill thus deferred is sent to the President of the Republic to exercise his right of objection.

ARTICLE 124:A bill rejected by one of the two (2) Houses may not be introduced again in the same session.

ARTICLE 125:Bills and other acts of the Legislature and the National Assembly shall enter into force with their promulgation and their publication in the Official Gazette (Journal Officiel) of the Republic.

ARTICLE 125-1:Bills shall be numbered and included in the printed and numbered bulletin entitled BULLETIN OF LAWS AND ACTS.

ARTICLE 126:The bill is dated on the day of it final adoption by the two (2) Houses.

ARTICLE 127:No one may submit petitions in person to the Legislature.

ARTICLE 128:Only the Legislature Branch has the authority to interpret laws, which it does by passing a law.

ARTICLE 129:Each member of the Legislature receives a monthly stipend from the time he takes oath.

ARTICLE 129-1:Service as a member of the Legislature is incompatible with any other duty remunerated by the State, except that of teacher.

ARTICLE 129-2:Every member of the two (2) Houses has the right to question and interpellate a member of the Government or the entire Government on events and acts of the Administration.

ARTICLE 129-3:As interpellation request must be seconded by five (5) members of the body concerned. it becomes a vote of confidence or of censure when passed by a majority of that body.

ARTICLE 129-4:When the interpellation request ends in a votes of censure on a question concerning a Government program or declaration of general policy, the Prime Minister must submit his Government's resignation to the President of the Republic.

ARTICLE 129-5:The president must accept that resignation and appoint new Primer Minister, pursuant to the provisions of this Constitution.

ARTICLE 129-6:The Legislature may not pass more than one vote of censure a year on a question concerning a Government program or declaration of general policy.

ARTICLE 130:In the case of the death, resignation, disqualification, judicial interdiction, or acceptance of a duty incompatible with that of a member of the Legislature, the Deputy or Senator shall be replaced in his Electoral District for only the remainder of his term by a by-election called by the Primary Electoral Assembly to be conducted by the Permanent Electoral Council in the month he vacancy occurs.

ARTICLE 130-1:The election shall take place within thirty (30) days after convocation of the Primary Assembly, pursuant to the Constitution.

ARTICLE 130-2:The same procedure shall apply in the absence of an election or in the event that elections are declared null and void by the Permanent Electoral Council in one or more Electoral Districts.

ARTICLE 130-3:However, if the vacancy occurs during the last regular session of the Legislature or after that session, a by-election may not be held.

SECTION E

Incompatibilities

ARTICLE 131:The following may not be elected members of the Legislature:

1. Government concessionnaires or contractors for the performance of public services;

2. Representatives or agents of Government contractors or concessionnaires, or companies or corporations that have Government concessions or contracts;

3. Delegated, Vice Delegates, judges, and officers of the Public Prosecutor's Office whose duties have not terminated six (6) months before the date set for the elections;

4. Any person who comes under the other cases of ineligibility stipulates by this Constitution and by law.

ARTICLE 132:Members of the Executive Branch and the Director Generals of Government departments may not be elected members of the Legislature unless they resign at least one (1) year before the date of the elections.

CHAPTER III

The Executive Branch

ARTICLE 133:The Executive power is vested in:

a. The President of the Republic, who is the Head of State.

b. The Government, which is headed by a Prime Minister.

SECTION A

The President of the Republic

ARTICLE 134:The President of the Republic is elected in direct universal suffrage by an absolute majority of votes. If that majority is not obtained in the first election, a second election is held.

Only the two (2) candidates who, if such be the case, after the withdrawal of more favored candidates, have received the largest number of votes in the first election may run in the second election.

ARTICLE 134-1:The term of the President is five (5) years. This term begins and ends on the February 7 following the date of the elections.

ARTICLE 134-2:Presidential election shall take place the last Sunday of November in the fifth year of the President's term.

ARTICLE 134-3:The President of the Republic may not be re-elected. He may serve an additional term only after an interval of five (5) years. He may in no case run for a third term.

ARTICLE 135:To be elected President of the Republic of Haiti, a candidate must:

a. Be a native-born Haitian and never have renounced Haitian nationality;

b. Have attained thirty-five (35) years of age by the election day;

c. Enjoy civil and political rights and never have been sentenced to death, personal restraint or penal servitude or the loss of civil rights for a crime of ordinary law;

d. Be the owner in Haiti of at least one real property and have his habitual residence in the country;

e. Have resided in the country for five (5) consecutive years before the date of the elections;

f. Have been relieved of this responsibilities if he has been handling public funds.

ARTICLE 135-1:Before taking office, the President of the Republic shall take the following oath before the National Assembly: "I swear before God and the Nation faithfully to observe and enforce the Constitution and the laws of the Republic, to respect and cause to be respected the rights of the Haitian people, to work for the greatness of the country, and to maintain the nation's independence and the integrity of its territory".

SECTION B

Duties of the President of the Republic

ARTICLE 136:The President of the Republic, who is the Head of State, shall see to the respect for and enforcement of the Constitution and the stability of the institutions. He shall ensure the regular operations of the public authorities and the continuity of the State.

ARTICLE 137:The President of the Republic shall choose a Prime Minister from among the members of the majority party of the Parliament. In the absence of such a majority, the President of the Republic shall choose his Prime Minister in consultation with the President of the Senate and the President of the House of Deputies.

In either case, the President's choice must be ratified by the Parliament.

ARTICLE 137-1:The President of the Republic shall terminate the duties of the Prime Minister upon the letter's submission of the Government's resignation.

ARTICLE 138:The President of the Republic is the guarantor of the nation's independence and the integrity of its territory.

ARTICLE 139:He shall negotiate and sign all international treaties, conventions and agreements and submit them to the National Assembly for ratification.

ARTICLE 139-1:He shall accredit ambassadors and special envoys to foreign powers, receive letters of accreditation from ambassadors of foreign powers and issued exequatur to consuls.

ARTICLE 140:He declares war, and negotiates and signs peace treaties with the approval of the National Assembly.

ARTICLE 141:With the approval of the Senate, the President appoints, by a decree issued in the Council of Ministers, the Commander-in-chief of the armed forces, the Commander-in-chief of the police, ambassadors and consul generals.

ARTICLE 142:By a decree issued in the Council of Ministers, the President of the Republic appoints the directors general of the civil service, and delegates and vice delegates of Departments and Arrondissements.

He also appoints, with the approval of the Senate, Administrative Councils of Autonomous Agencies.

ARTICLE 143:The President of the Republic is the nominal head of the armed forces, but he never commands them in person.

ARTICLE 144:He has the seal of the Republic affixed to all laws and promulgates them within deadline stipulated by the Constitution. Before the expiration of that deadline, he may avail himself of his right of objection.

ARTICLE 145:He sees to the enforcement of judicial decisions, pursuant to the law.

ARTICLE 146:The President of the Republic has the right to perform and commute sentences in all res judica cases, except for sentences handed down by the High Court of Justice as stipulated in this Constitution.

ARTICLE 147:He may grant amnesty only for political matters as stipulated by law.

ARTICLE 148:If the President finds it temporarily impossible to discharge his duties the Executive Authority shall be vested in the Council of Ministers under the Presidency of the Prime Minister, so long as the disability continues.

ARTICLE 149:Should the office of the President of the Republic become vacant for any reason, the President of the Supreme Court of the Republic, or in his absence, the Vice President of that Court, or in his absence, the judge with the highest seniority and so on by order of seniority, shall be invested temporarily with the duties of the President of the Republic by the National Assembly duly convened by the Prime Minister- The election of a new President for a new five (5) year term shall be held at least forty-five (45) and no more than ninety (90) days after the vacancy occurs, pursuant to the Constitution and the Electoral Law.

ARTICLE 149-1:The acting President may in no case be a candidate in the next Presidential election.

ARTICLE 150:The President of the republic shall have no powers other than those accorded to him by the Constitution.

ARTICLE 151:At the opening of each annual session of the Legislature, the President of the Republic shall deliver a message to the Legislature on the State of the Nation. This message may not be debated.

ARTICLE 152:The President of the Republic shall receive a monthly salary from the Public Treasury upon taking the oath of office.

ARTICLE 153:The President of the Republic shall have his official residence in the National Palace, in the capital city, unless the seat of the Executive Branch is moved.

ARTICLE 154:The President of the Republic presides over the Council of Ministers.

SECTION C

The Government

ARTICLE 155:The Government is composed of the Prime Minister, the Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Prime Minister is the head of the Government.

ARTICLE 156:The Government conducts the policy of the Nation. It is responsible before Parliament under the terms stipulated by the Constitution.

ARTICLE 157:To be appointed Prime Minister, a person must:

1. Be a native-born Haitian, and never have renounced Haitian nationality;

2. Have attained thirty (30) years of age;

3. Enjoy civil and political rights and never have been sentenced to death, personal restraint or penal servitude or the loss of civil rights;

4. Own real property in Haiti and practice a profession there;

5. Have resided in the county for five (5) consecutive years;

6. Have been relieved of his responsibilities if he has been handling public funds.

SECTION D

Powers of The Prime Minister

ARTICLE 158:With the approval of the President, the Prime Minister shall choose the members of his Cabinet of Ministers and shall go before Parliament to obtain a vote of confidence on his declaration of general policy. The vote shall be taken in open ballot, and an absolute majority of both Houses is required.

In the event of a vote of nonconfidence by one of the two (2) Houses, the procedure shall be repeated.

ARTICLE 159:The Prime Minister enforces the laws. In the event of the President of the Republic's absence or temporary inability to perform his duties, or at his request, the Prime Minister presides over the Council of Ministers. He has the power to issue rules and regulations but he can never suspend or interpret laws, acts or decrees, nor refrain from enforcing them.

ARTICLE 159-1:In concert with the President of the Republic, he is responsible for national defense.

ARTICLE 160:The Prime Minister appoints and dismisses directly or by delegation Government officials, according to the provisions of the Constitution and the law on the general regulations for Government operations.

ARTICLE 161:The Prime Minister and the Ministers may appear before the two (2) Houses to support bills and the objections of the President of the Republic and to reply to interpellation.

ARTICLE 162:Acts of the Prime Minister are countersigned, if need by the Ministers responsible for enforcing them. The Prime Ministers may be assigned a Ministerial portfolio.

ARTICLE 163:The Prime Minister and the Ministers are jointly responsible for the acts of the President of the Republic and of their ministers that they countersign. They are also responsible for enforcement of the laws in the areas of their competence.

ARTICLE 164:The duties of the Prime Minister and of a member of the Government are incompatible with membership in the Parliament. If such a case occurs, the member of Parliament must choose one duty or the other.

ARTICLE 165:In the event of the Prime Minister's resignation, the government remains in place until the appointment of a successor, in order to transact current business.

SECTION E

The Ministers and Secretaries of State

ARTICLE 166:The President of the Republic presides over the Council of Ministers. The number of Ministers may be no fewer than ten (10).

When he deems it necessary, the Prime Minister may appoints Secretaries of State to the Ministers.

ARTICLE 167:The number of Ministers is set by law.

ARTICLE 168:Holding a ministerial post is incompatible with the exercise of all other public employment, except for higher education.

ARTICLE 169:Ministers are responsible for the acts of the Prime Minister that they countersign. They are jointly responsible for enforcement of the laws.

ARTICLE 169-1:In no case may an oral or written order of the President of the Republic or of the Prime Minister release Ministers from the responsibilities of their office.

ARTICLE 170:The Prime Minister, the Ministers and the Secretaries of State receive monthly salaries established by the Budgetary law.

ARTICLE 171:Ministers appoint certain categories of Government employees by delegation of the Prime Minister, according to the conditions set by the law on Government operations.

ARTICLE 172:When one of the two (2) Houses during an interpellation calls into question the responsibility of a Minister by a vote of censure passed by an absolute majority of its members, the Executive shall recall the Minister.

CHAPTER IV

The Judiciary

ARTICLE 173:The Judicial Power shall be vested in the Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation), the Courts of Appeal, Courts of First Instance, Courts of Peace and special courts, whose number, composition, organization, operation and jurisdiction are set by law.

ARTICLE 173-1:Civil rights cases are exclusively the competence of the courts.

ARTICLE 173-2:No court and no jurisdiction in disputed matters may be established except by law. No special court may be established under any name whatever.

ARTICLE 174:Judges of the Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeal are appointed for ten (10) years. Judges of the Courts of First Instance are appointed for seven (7) years. Their term begins at the time they take their oath of office.

ARTICLE 175:Supreme Court justices are appointed by the President of the Republic form a list submitted by the Senate of three (3) persons per court seat. Judges of the Courts of Appeal and Courts of First Instance are appointed from a list submitted by the Departmental Assembly concerned; Justices of the Peace are appointed from a list draw up by the Communal Assemblies.

ARTICLE 176:The law regulates the conditions required for serving as a judge at any level. A School of the Magistrature shall be established.

ARTICLE 177:Judges of the Supreme Court, the Courts of Appeal and the Courts of First Instance are appointed for life. They may be removed from office only because of a legally determined abuse of authority or be suspended following and indictment leveled against them. They may not be reassigned, without their consent, even in the case of a promotion. Their service may be terminated during their term of office only in the event of a duly determined permanent physical or mental incapacity.

ARTICLE 178:The Supreme Court does not try cases on their merits. Nevertheless, in all cases other than those submitted to a jury, when a case between the same parties is tried upon second appeal, even with an incidental plea of defense, the Supreme Court, accepting the appeal, shall not remand the case to a lower court but shall rule on the merits, sitting as a full court.

ARTICLE 178-1:However, in the case of appeals from temporary restraining orders or orders of examining magistrates, grants of appeal pronounced in connection with such orders or from final sentences of the Peace Courts or decisions of special courts, the Supreme Court, admitting the appeal, shall pronounce a decision without remanding the case.

ARTICLE 179:The duties of a judge are incompatible with any other salaried duties, except for education.

ARTICLE 180:Court proceedings are public. However, they may take place in closed session in the interest of public order and good morals, at the decision of the Court.

ARTICLE 180-1:Sentences may not be delivered in closed session in cases of political offenses or offenses involving the press.

ARTICLE 181:All order or judgments shall state the grounds for the decision and shall be handed down in a public hearing.

ARTICLE 181-1:Orders or judgments are delivered and executed in the name of the Republic, They shall include writs of execution to officers of the Public Prosecutor's Office and agents of the police and armed forces. Acts of notaries shall be put in the same form when their compulsory execution is involved.

ARTICLE 182:The Supreme Court rules on both fact and law in all cases of decisions handed down by military courts.

ARTICLE 183:When litigation is referred to it, the Supreme Court, sitting as a full Court, shall rule on the unconstitutionality of the laws.

ARTICLE 183-1:The interpretation of a law given by the Houses of the Legislature shall be imposed for the purpose of that law without retroactively taking away any rights acquired by res judicata.

ARTICLE 183-2:The Courts shall apply Government decrees and regulations only insofar as they are in conformity with the law.

ARTICLE 184:The law determines the jurisdiction of the courts and tribunals, and regulates the manner of preceedings before them.

ARTICLE 184-1:The law also provides for disciplinary penalties to be taken against judges and officers of the Public Prosecutor's Office, except for Supreme Court Justices, who are under the jurisdiction of the High Court of Justice for abuse of authority.

CHAPTER V

The High Court of Justice

ARTICLE 185:The Senate may constitute itself as a High Court of Justice. the proceedings of this Court are presided over by the President of the Senate, assisted by the President and Vice President of the Supreme Court as Vice President and Secretary, respectively, except where the Justices of the Supreme Court and officers of the public Prosecutor's Office assigned to that court are involved in the accusation, in which case, the Senators, one of whom shall be designated by the accused, and the Senators so appointed shall not be entitled to vote.

ARTICLE 186:The House of Deputies, by a majority of two-thirds (2/3) of its members, shall indict:

a. The President of the Republic for the crime of high treason or any other crime or offense committed in the discharge of his duties;

b. The Prime Minister, the Ministers and the Secretaries of State for Crimes of high treason and embezzlement or abuse of power or any other crimes or offenses committed in the discharge of their duties;

c. Members of the Permanent Electoral Council and the Superior Court of Auditors and the Court of Administrative Disputes for serious offenses committed in the discharge of their duties;

d. Supreme Court justices and officer of the Public Prosecutor's Office before the Court for abuse of authority;

e. The Protector of Citizens (Protecteur du citoyen).

ARTICLE 187:Members of the High Court of Justice serve on an individual bases, and no opening proceedings, take the following oath;

"I swear before God and before the Nation to judge with the impartiality and the firmness appropriate to an honest and free man, according to my conscience and my deep-seated conviction".

ARTICLE 188:The High Court of Justice shall designate, by secret ballot and an absolute majority of votes, from among its members a Committee of Enquiry.

ARTICLE 188-1:The decision in the form of a decree shall be handed down on the report of the Committee of Enquiry by a two-thirds (2/3) majority of the members of the High Court of Justice.

ARTICLE 189:The High Court of Justice shall not sit unless a majority of two-thirds (2/3) of its members are present.

ARTICLE 189-1:The Court may not impose any other penalties than dismissal, disqualification or deprivation of the right or exercise any public office for no less than five (5) years and no more than fifteen (15) years.

ARTICLE 189-2:However, the convicted person may be brought before ordinary courts, in accordance with the law, if there is reason to impose other penalties or to rule on the institution of civil action.

ARTICLE 190:Once a case is brought before the High Court of Justice, the Court must sit until it renders its verdict, regardless of the length of the sessions of the Legislature.

TITLE VI

Independent Institutions

CHAPTER I

The Permanent Electoral Council

ARTICLE 191:The Permanent Electoral Council is responsible for organizing and controlling with complete independence all electoral procedures throughout the territory of the Republic until the results of the election are announced.

ARTICLE 191-1:The Council also drafts the Electoral Bill that it submits to the Executive Branch for the necessary purposes.

ARTICLE 191-2:The Council sees to it that the electoral lists are kept up-to-date.

ARTICLE 192:The Permanent Electoral Council consists of nine (9) members chosen from a list of three (3) names proposed by each of the Departmental Assemblies:

3 are chosen by the Executive Branch;

3 are chosen by the Supreme Court;

3 are chosen by the National Assembly.

The above-mentioned organs see to it as far as possible that each of the Departments are represented.

ARTICLE 193:Members of the Permanent Electoral Council must:

1. Be native-born Haitians;

2. Have attained forty (40) years of age;

3. Enjoy civil and political rights and never have been sentenced to death, personal constraint or penal servitude or the loss of civil rights;

4. Have been relieved of their responsibilities if they have been handling public funds;

5. Have resided in the country at least three (3) years before their nomination.

ARTICLE 194:Members of the Permanent Electoral Council are appointed for a nine (9) year nonrenovable period. They may not be removed from office.

ARTICLE 194-1:One-third of the members of the Permanent Electoral Council are replaced every three (3) years. The President is chosen form among its members.

ARTICLE 194-2:Before taking office, the members of the Permanent Electoral Council take the following oath before the Supreme Court;

"I swear to respect the Constitution and the provisions of the Electoral Law and to discharge my duties with dignity, independence, impartiality and patriotism."

ARTICLE 195:In the event of a serious offense committed in the discharge of their duties, the members of the Permanent Electoral Council are liable for prosecution before the High Court of Justice.

ARTICLE 195-1:The seat of the Permanent electoral Council is in the capital. Its jurisdiction extends throughout the territory of the Republic.

ARTICLE 196:Members of the Permanent electoral Council may not hold any other public post, nor may they be a candidate of an elective post during their term.

In the event of dismissal, a member of the Council must wait three (3) years before he may run for an elective post.

ARTICLE 197:The Permanent Electoral Council shall rule on all disputes arising either in elections or in the enforcement or the violation of the Electoral Law, subject to any legal prosecution undertaken against an offender or offenders before the courts of competent jurisdiction.

ARTICLE 198:In the event of a vacancy caused by a depth, resignation or any other reason, the member shall be replaced following the procedure established in article 192 for the remainder of his term, taking into account the branch of government that had designated the member to be replaced.

ARTICLE 199:The law determines the rules for organization and operation of the Permanent Electoral Council

CHAPTER II

The Superior Court of Auditors and Administrative Disputes

ARTICLE 200:The Superior Court of Auditors and Administrative Disputes is an independent and autonomous financial and administrative court. It is responsible for administrative and jurisdictional control of Government receipts and expenditures, verification of the accounts of the Government enterprises and of the territorial divisions.

ARTICLE 200-1:The Superior Court of Auditors and Administrative Disputes hears cases against the State and the territorial divisions, the Administration and Government officials, public services and citizens.

ARTICLE 200-2:Its decisions ate not subject to appeal, except to the Supreme Court.

ARTICLE 200-3:the Supreme Court of Auditors and Administrative Disputes comprises two (2) sections:

1. The Financial Control Section

2. The Administrative Disputes Section.

ARTICLE 200-4:The Superior Court of Auditors and Administrative Disputes participates in drawing up the budget and is consulted on all matters concerning legislation on public finances and on all draft financial or commercial contracts, agreements and conventions to which the State is a party. It has the right to conduct audits in all Government agencies.

ARTICLE 200-5:Members of the Superior Court of auditors and Administrative Disputes must:

a. Be Haitians and never have renounced their nationality;

b. Have attained thirty-five (35) years of age;

c. Have been relieved of their responsibilities of they have been handling public funds;

d. Have a Bachelor of Law degree, be a certified public accountant or hold an advanced degree in government administration, economics or public finance;

e. Have five (5) years experience in public or private administration;

f. Enjoy civil and political rights.

ARTICLE 200-6:Candidates for membership on the Court shall submit their applications directly to the Office of the Senate of the Republic. The Senate elects the ten (10) members of the Court, who select the Court's President and Vice President form among them.

ARTICLE 201:Court members have a ten (10) year term and may not be removed

ARTICLE 202:Before taking office, the members of the Superior Court of Auditors and Administrative disputes shall take the following oath before a section of the Supreme Court:

"I swear to respect the Constitution and the laws of the Republic, to discharge my duties properly and loyally and to conduct myself at all times with dignity".

ARTICLE 203:Members of the Superior Court of Auditors and Administrative Disputes are under the jurisdiction of the High Court of Justice for any serious offenses committed in the discharge of their duties.

ARTICLE 204:The Superior Court of Auditors and Administrative Disputes shall submit each year to the Legislature within thirty (30) days following the opening of the first legislative session a complete report on the country's financial situation and on the efficacy of Government expenditures.

ARTICLE 205:The organization of the above-mentioned court, its membership regulations and its mode of operation are established by law.

CHAPTER III

The Conciliation Comission

ARTICLE 206:The Conciliation Commission is responsible for settling disputes between the Executive Branch and the Legislature and the two (2) Houses of the Legislature. Its members are as follows:

a. The President of the Supreme Court - President;

b. The President of the Senate - Vice President;

c. The President of the House of Deputies - Member;

d. The President of the Permanent Electoral Council - Member;

e . The Vice President of the Permanent electoral Council - Member;

f. Two (2) members designated by the President of the Republic - Member.

ARTICLE 206-1:The mode of operation of the Conciliation Commission is determined by law.

CHAPTER IV

Protection of Citizens

ARTICLE 207:An office known as the OFFICE OF CITIZEN PROTECTION is established to protect all individuals against any form of abuse by the government.

ARTICLE 207-1:The office is directed by a citizen bearing the title of PROTECTOR OF CITIZENS. He is chosen by consensus of the President of the Republic, the President of the Senate and the President of the House of Deputies. His term is seven (7) years and may not be renewed.

ARTICLE 207-2:His intervention on behalf of any complainant is without charge, whatever the court having jurisdiction might be.

ARTICLE 207-3:A law sets the conditions and regulations for the operation of the Office of Citizen Protection.

CHAPTER V

The UniversityY - The Academy - Culture

ARTICLE 208:Higher education is free. it is provided by the University of the Haitian State (Univertit� d'�tat d'Haiti), which is autonomous and by the superior public schools and the superior private schools accredited by the State.

ARTICLE 209:The State must finance the operation and development of the Haitian State University and the public superior schools. Their organization and their location must be planned from the perspective of regional development.

ARTICLE 210:The Establishment of research centers must be encouraged.

ARTICLE 211:Authorization for operation of universities and private superiors schools is subject to the technical approval of the Council of the State University, to a majority of Haitian participation in the capital and faculty, and to the obligation to teach primarily in the official language of the country.

ARTICLE 211-1:The universities and the private and public superior schools provide academic and practical instruction adapted to the trends and requirements of national development.

ARTICLE 212:An organic law regulates the establishment, location and operation of university and public and private superior schools in the country.

ARTICLE 213:A Haitian Academy shall be established to standardize the Creole language and enable it to develop scientifically and harmoniously.

ARTICLE 213-1:Other academies may be established.

ARTICLE 214:The title Academy Member is purely honorific.

ARTICLE 214-1:The law shall determine the mode of organization and operation of academies.

ARTICLE 215:Archaeolical, historical, cultural, folklore and architectural treasures in the country, which bear witness to the grandeur of our past. are part of the national heritage. Consequently, monuments, ruins, sites of our ancestors' great feats of arms, famous centers of our African beliefs, and all vestiges of the past are placed under the protection of the State.

ARTICLE 216:The law determines special conditions for this protection in each sphere.

TITLE VII

PUBLIC FINANCE

ARTICLE 217:The finances of the Republic are decentralized. Financial management is the responsibility of the Minister concerned. The Executive, assisted by an Interdepartmental Council, draws up the law that sets the portion and nature of public revenue allotted to the territorial divisions.

ARTICLE 218:No Government levy may be established except by law. No charge or tax, whether imposed by a Department, a Municipality, or Communal Section, may be established without the consent of its territorial divisions.

ARTICLE 219:No preferential tax treatment may be established.

No tax exemption, increase, decrease or elimination may be established except by law.

ARTICLE 220:No pension, bonus, allotment or subsidy charged to the Public Treasury may be authorized unless provided by law. Pensions paid by the State are indexed to the cost of living.

ARTICLE 221:Subject to special provisions thereon, the holding of two or more salaried public offices at the same time is strictly forbidden, except posts in education.

ARTICLE 222:Procedures for preparation of the budget and its execution are determined by law.

ARTICLE 223:Enforcement of the Law on the Budget and on Public Accounts is monitored by the Superior Court of Auditors and Administrative Disputes and by the Budget Office.

ARTICLE 224:National monetary policy is set by the Central Bank jointly with the Minister of Economics and Finance.

ARTICLE 225:An autonomous public agency with legal personality and financial autonomy performs the functions of a Central Bank. Its regulations are determined by law.

ARTICLE 226:The Central Bank has exclusive authority to issue as legal tender throughout the territory of the Republic, paper money representing the monetary unit, and coins, according to the name, weight, description, amount and use set by law.

ARTICLE 227:The budget of each Ministry is divided into chapters and sections, and must be voted upon article by article.

ARTICLE 227-1:Amounts to be drawn on budget allocations may in no case exceed one-twelfth of the appropriations for a particular month, except in December, because of bonuses paid to all Government employees and officials.

ARTICLE 227-2:General accounts of receipts and expenditures of the Republic shall be kept by the Minister of Finance according to an accounting method established by law.

ARTICLE 227-3:The General accounts and budgets stipulated in the receding article, accompanied by a report from the Superior Court of Auditors and Administrative Disputes must be submitted to the Legislative Houses by the Minister of Finance no later than fifteen (15) days after the opening of the legislative session. The same applies to the annual balance sheet and statement of operations of the Central Bank and to all other accounts of the Haitian State.

ARTICLE 227-4:The Government fiscal year begins on October 1 of each year and ends on September 30 of the following year.

ARTICLE 228:Each year the Legislature issues:

a. The statement of receipts and expenditures of the Government for the preceding year, or years;

b. The Government General Budget containing the rough estimates and the portion of funds allocated to each Ministry of the year.

ARTICLE 228-1:However, no proposal or amendment may be introduced into the Budget when it is being voted upon, without provision of the ways and means therefore.

ARTICLE 228-2:No increase or reduction may be made in the allocation of Government funds, except by amendment of the laws relating thereto.

ARTICLE 229:The Legislative Houses may refrain from doing any legislative work until the above documents are submitted to it. They shall refuse to grant the Ministers discharge when the accounts submitted do not in themselves, or by supporting documents, provide the necessary data for verification and evaluation.

ARTICLE 230:Examination and payment of the General Administration Accounts and all accounts of public funds are effected according to the method established by law.

ARTICLE 231:If for any reason whatever the Legislative Houses do not act upon the budget for one or more Ministerial Departments before they adjourn, the budget or budgets of the Departments concerned shall remain in force until a new budget is voted on and adopted.

ARTICLE 231-1:In the event that, through fault of the Executive Branch, the Budget of the Republic has not been voted upon, the President of the Republic shall immediately call a special session of the Legislative Houses for the sole purpose of voting on the Government budget.

ARTICLE 232:Autonomous agencies and enterprises and entities subsidized wholly or in part by the Public Treasury shall be governed by special budgets and salary and wage systems approved by the Executive Branch.

ARTICLE 233:For the purpose of maintaining constant and careful supervision over Government expenditures, a fifteen-ember Parliamentary Committee with nine (9) Deputies and six (6) Senators shall be elected by secret ballot at the beginning of each regular session, to report on the management Ministers, in order to enable the two (2) Assemblies to give them discharge.

This Committee may engage the services of specialists to assist it with its monitoring functions.

TITLE VIII

The Civil Service

ARTICLE 234:The Haitian Civil Service is the instrument by which the State carries out its missions and achieves its objectives. To ensure its viability, it must be managed honestly and efficiently.

ARTICLE 235:Government employees and officials shall be exclusively in the service of the State. It is their duty to abide faithfully by the norms and ethics determined by law for civil servants.

ARTICLE 236:The law establishes the organization of the various Government structures and stipulates the conditions for their operation.

ARTICLE 236-1:The law shall regulate the civil service on the basis of aptitude, merit and conduct. It shall guarantee security of employment.

ARTICLE 236-2:The civil service is a career. No official may be hired except by competition or by meeting other conditions prescribed by the Constitution and by law, nor may he be dismissed except for causes specifically determined by law. Dismissals must in all cases be ruled upon by the Court of Administrative Disputes.

ARTICLE 237:Career service officials are not members of any particular Government agency but are members of the civil service, which makes them available to the various Government agencies.

ARTICLE 238:Officials indicated by law have the obligation to declare the status of their net worth to the Clerk of the Civil Court within thirty (30) days following their entry into service. The Government Auditor must take every step he deems necessary to verify the accuracy of the declaration.

ARTICLE 239:Government employees and officials may form associations to defend their rights under the conditions established by law.

ARTICLE 240:Holders of public office or positions, particularly Ministers and Secretaries of State, officers of the Public Prosecutor's Office, Delegates and Vice Delegates, ambassadors, private secretaries of the President of the Republic, members of the Cabinet of Ministers, the Director Generals of the Ministerial Department of autonomous agencies, and members of the Administrative Council are not eligible for the Government career service.

ARTICLE 241:The law punishes violations committed against the treasury and unjust gain. Officials who have knowledge of such actions have the duty to report them to the competent authorities.

ARTICLE 242:Unjust gain may be determined by all types of evidence, particularly presumption of a sharp disproportion between the official's means acquired after his entry into service and the accumulated amount of salaries and emoluments to which the post he has occupied entitles him.

ARTICLE 243:Officials guilty of the above offenses are entitled to only the twenty-year statute of limitation. This limitation period begins to run with the termination of their duties or the causes that would have prevented any prosecution.

ARTICLE 244:The State has the duty to avoid major salary disparities in the civil service.

TITLE XI

CHAPTER I

Economics and Agriculture

ARTICLE 245:Economic freedom shall be guaranteed so long as it is not contrary to the public interest.

The State shall protect private enterprises and shall endeavor to see that it develops under the conditions necessary to increase the national wealth in such a way as to ensure the participation of the largest possible number of persons in the benefits of this wealth.

ARTICLE 246:The State encourages in rural and urban areas the formation of cooperatives for production, processing of raw materials and the entrepenurial spirit to promote the accumulation of national capital to ensure continuous development.

ARTICLE 247:Agriculture, which is the main source of the Nation's wealth, is a guarantee of the well-being of the people and the socio-economic progress of the Nation.

ARTICLE 248:A special agency to be known as THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRARIAN REFORM shall be established to organize the revision of real property structures and to implement an agrarian reform to benefit those who actually work the land. This Institute shall draw up an agrarian policy geared to optimizing productivity by constructing infrastructure aimed at the protection and management of the land.

ARTICLE 248-1:The law determines the minimum and maximum area of basic farm units.

ARTICLE 249:The State has the obligation to establish the structures necessary to ensure maximum productivity of the land and domestic marketing of foodstuffs. Technical and financial management units shall be established to assist farmers at the level of each Communal section.

ARTICLE 250:No monopoly may be established to benefit the State and the territorial divisions except in the exclusive interest of society as a whole. Such a monopoly may not be granted to any private individual.

ARTICLE 251:The import of foodstuffs and their byproducts that are produced in sufficient quantity in the national territory is forbidden, except in the event of force majeure.

ARTICLE 252:the State may take charge of the operation of enterprises for the production of goods and services essential to the community in order to ensure continuity in the event the existence of these establishments should be threatened. Such enterprises shall be grouped in a comprehensive management system.

CHAPTER II

The Environment

ARTICLE 253:Since the environment is the natural framework of the life of the people, any practices that might disturb the ecological balance are strictly forbidden.

ARTICLE 254:the State shall organize the enhancement of natural sites to ensure their protection and make them accessible to all.

ARTICLE 255:To protect forest reserves and expand the plant coverage, the State encourages the development of local sources of energy: solar, wind and others.

ARTICLE 256:Within the framework of protecting the environment and public education, the State has the obligation to proceed to establish and maintain botanical and zoological gardens at certain points in its territory.

ARTICLE 257:The law specifies the conditions for protecting flora and fauna, and punishes violations thereof.

ARTICLE 258:No one may introduce into the country wates or residues of any kind from foreign sources.

TITLE X

The Family

ARTICLE 259:The State protects the family, which is the foundation of society.

ARTICLE 260:It must also protect all families regardless of whether they are constituted within the bonds of marriage. It must endeavor to aid and assist mothers, children and the aged.

ARTICLE 261:The law ensures protection for all children. Any child is entitled to love, affection, understanding and moral and physical care grow its father and mother.

ARTICLE 262:A family Code must be drawn up to ensure protection and respect for the rights of the family and to define procedures of the search for affiliation. Courts and other Government agencies charged with the protection of these rights must be accessible free of charge at the level of the smallest territorial division.

TITLE XI

The Armed Forces and the Police Force

ARTICLE 263:The "Public Forces "la Force Publique) are composed of two (2) distinct bodies:

a. The Armed Forces of Haiti, and

b. The Police Forces.

ARTICLE 263-1:No other armed corps may exist in the national territory.

ARTICLE 263-2:All members of the police and armed forces shall take an oath of allegiance and respect for the Constitution and the flag at the time of their enlistment.

CHAPTER I

The Armed Forces

ARTICLE 264:The armed Forces comprise the Land, Sea and Air Forces and the Technical Services.

The Haitian Armed Forces are set up to ensure the security and integrity of the territory of the Republic.

ARTICLE 264-1:The Armed Forces are in practice commanded by a general officer bearing the TITLE COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE HAITIAN ARMED FORCES.

ARTICLE 264-2:The Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, pursuant to the Constitution, is chosen from among the general officers on active service.

ARTICLE 264-3:His term is set at three (3) years and is renewable.

ARTICLE 265:The Armed Forces are apolitical. Their members may not be part of any political group or party, and they must observe the strictest neutrality.

ARTICLE 265-1:Members of the Armed Forces exercise their right to vote, under the Constitution.

ARTICLE 266:The duties of the Armed Forces are:

a. Defend the country in the event of war;

b. Protect the country against threats from abroad;

c. See to surveillance of the land, sea and air boundaries;

d. At the well-founded request of the Executive, they may land assistance to the police when the latter are unable to handle a situation;

e. Assist the Nation in the event of a natural disaster;

f. In addition to their regular duties, the Armed Forces may be assigned to development work.

ARTICLE 267:Military personnel on active duty may not be appointed to any Government post, except temporarily to perform a specialized service.

ARTICLE 267-1:To be a candidate for an elective post, all military personnel on active duty must be laced on inactive service or on entirement one (1) year before publication of the electoral decree.

ARTICLE 267-2:The military career is a profession. Its ranking, terms of enlistment, ranks, promotions, discharges, and retirement are determined by the regulations of the Haitian Armed Forces.

ARTICLE 267-3:Military personnel are under the jurisdiction of a military court only for offenses and crimes committed in wartime or for violations of military discipline.

They may not be discharged, placed on inactive service, placed on half pay, or retired early except with their consent. If such consent is not given, the party concerned may lodge an appeal with the court of competent jurisdiction.

ARTICLE 267-4:Military personnel retain for life the last rank obtained in the Haitian Armed Forces. They may be deprived of their rank only by a final judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction.

ARTICLE 267-5:The State must award benefits to military personnel of all ranks, fully guaranteeing their physical security.

ARTICLE 268:Within the framework of compulsory civilian national services for both sexes, provided for by article 52-3 of the Constitution, the Armed Forces participate in organizing and supervising that service.

Military service is compulsory for all Haitians who have attained eighteen (18) years of age.

The law sets the method of recruitment, and the length and regulations for the performance of these services.

ARTICLE 268-1:Every citizen has the right to armed self defense, within the bounds of this domicile, but has no right to bear arms without express well-founded authorization from the Chief of Police.

ARTICLE 268-2:Possession of a firearm must be reported to the police.

ARTICLE 268-3:The Armed Forces have a monopoly on the manufacture, import, export, use and possession of weapon of war and their munitions, as well as war material.

CHAPTER II

The Police Forces

ARTICLE 269:The Police Force is an armed body.

It operates under the Ministry of Justice.

ARTICLE 269-1:It is established to ensure law and order and protect the life and property of citizens.

Its organization and mode of operation are regulated by law.

ARTICLE 270:The Commander in Chief of the Police Forces is appointed, in accordance with the Constitution, for a three (3) year term, which is renewable.

ARTICLE 271:An Academy and a Police School have been established, whose organization and operations are set by law.

ARTICLE 272:Specialized sections, particularly the Penitentiary Administration, the Firemen's Service, the Traffic Police, the Highway Police, Criminal Investigations, the Narcotics Service and the Anti-Smuggling Service, have been established by the law governing the organization, operation and location of the Police Forces.

ARTICLE 273:The police, as an auxiliary of the Justice System, investigate violations, offenses and crimes committed, in order to discover and arrest the perpetrators of them.

ARTICLE 274:In the exercise of their duties, members of the "Public Forces" are subject to civil and penal liability in the manner and under the conditions stipulated by the Constitution and by law.

CHAPTER XII

General Provisions

ARTICLE 275:National and legal holidays shall be celebrated by the Government and private and commercial enterprises.

ARTICLE 275-1:The national holidays are:

1. Independence Day, January 1;

2. Heroes' Day, january 2;

3. Agriculture and Labor Day, May 1;

4. Flag Day and University Day, may 18; and

5. Battle of Verti�res'� Day, which is also ARMED FORCES DAY, November 18.

ARTICLE 275-2:Legal holidays shall be determined by law.

ARTICLE 276:The National Assembly may not ratify any international treaty, convention or agreement containing clauses contrary to this Constitution.

ARTICLE 276-1:International treaties, conventions and agreements are ratified in the form of a decree.

ARTICLE 276-2:Once international treaties or agreements are approved and ratified in the manner stipulated by the Constitution, they become part of the legislation of the country and abrogate any laws in conflict with them.

ARTICLE 277:The Haitian State may join an Economic Community of States insofar as the association agreement stimulates the social and economic development of the Haitian Republic and does not contain any clause contrary to this Constitution.

ARTICLE 278:No place or part of the territory may be declared in a state of siege except in the event of civil war or invasion by a foreign force.

ARTICLE 278-1:The act of the President of the Republic declaring a state of siege must be countersigned by the Prime Minister and by all of the Ministers and contain an immediate convocation of the National Assembly to decide on the desirability of the measure.

ARTICLE 278-2:The National Assembly decides with the Executive Branch as to what constitutional guarantees may be suspended in the p�rts of the territory placed under a state of siege.

ARTICLE 278-3:The state of siege is lifted if it is not renewed by a vote of the National Assembly every fifteen (15) days after its entry into force.

ARTICLE 278-4:The National Assembly shall be in session for the entire duration of the state of siege.

ARTICLE 279:Thirty (30) days after his election, the President of the Republic must deposit with the Clerk of the Court of First Instance of his domicile a notarized inventory of all his movable and immovable goods, and he shall do the same at the end of his term.

ARTICLE 279-1:The Prime Minister, the Ministers and Secretaries of State are subject to the same obligation within thirty (30) days of their installation and of the termination of their duties.

ARTICLE 280:No general expenditures or compensation whatever shall be granted to members of the major organs of the State for any special duties that may be assigned to them.

ARTICLE 281:In national elections, the State assumes responsibility, in proportion to the number of votes cast, for a portion of the expenses incurred in the election campaigns.

ARTICLE 281-1:Only parties that obtain nationally ten percent (10%) of the votes cast, with a minimum of five percent (5%) of the votes cast in one Department, are eligible to receive these Government funds.

TITLE XIII

Amendments to the Constitution

ARTICLE 282:On the recommendation, with reason given to support it, of one of the two (2) Houses or of the Executive Branch, the Legislature may declare that the Constitution should be amended.

ARTICLE 281-1:This declaration must be supported by two-thirds (2/3) of each of the two (2) Houses. It may made only in the course of the last Regular Session of the Legislative period and shall be published immediately throughout the territory.

ARTICLE 283:At the first session of the following legislature period, the Houses shall meet in a National Assembly and decide on the proposed amendment.

ARTICLE 284:The National Assembly may not sit or deliberate on the amendment unless at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members of each of the two (2) Houses are present.

ARTICLE 284-1:No decision of the National Assembly may be taken without a majority of two-thirds (2/3) of the votes cast.

ARTICLE 284-2:The amendment passed may enter into effect only after installation of the next elected President. In no case may the President under the Government that approved the amendment benefit from any advantages deriving therefrom.

ARTICLE 284-3:General elections to amend the Constitution by referendum are strictly forbidden.

ARTICLE 284-4:No amendment to the Constitution may effect the democratic and republican nature of the State.

TITLE XIV

Temporary Provisions

ARTICLE 285:The National Council of Government shall remain in operation up to February 7,1988, the date of the investiture of the President of the Republic elected under this Constitution, in accordance with the electoral timetable.

ARTICLE 285-1:The National Council of Government is authorized to issue in the Council of Ministers, pursuant to the Constitution, decrees having the force of law until the Deputies and Senators elected under this Constitution take up their duties.

ARTICLE 286:Every Haitian who has adopted a foreign nationality during the twenty-nine (29) years prior to February 7, 1986, may, by a declaration made to the Ministry of Justice within two (2) years after publication of the Constitution, recover his Haitian nationality with the advantages deriving therefrom, in accordance with the law.

ARTICLE 287:In light of the situation of Haitians that have become expatriates voluntarily or involuntarily the deadlines for residence stipulated in this Constitution are extended for a full year for the next elections.

ARTICLE 288:When the next elections are held, the term of the three (3) Senators elected for each Department shall be established as follows:

a. The Senator who has received the largest number of votes shall have a term of six (6) years;

b. The Senator receiving the second largest number of votes shall have a term of four (4) years;

c. The Senator in third place shall be elected for two (2) years.

Following this each elected Senator shall have a term of six (6) years.

ARTICLE 289:Awaiting the establishment of the Permanent Electoral Council provided for in this Constitution, the National Council of Government shall set up a Provisional Electoral Council of nine (9) members, charged with drawing up and enforcing the Electoral Law to govern the next elections, who shall be designated as follows:

1. One for the Executive Branch, who is not an official;

2. One for the Episcopal Conference;

3. One for the Advisory Council;

4. One for the Supreme Court;

5. One for agencies defending human rights, who may not be a candidate in the elections;

6. One for the Council of the University;

7. One for the Journalists Association;

8. One for the Protestant religions;

9. One for the National Council of Cooperatives.

ARTICLE 289-1:Within two weeks following ratification of this Constitution, the bodies or organizations concerned shall inform the Executive of the name of their representative.

ARTICLE 289-2:If any of the above bodies or organizations does not appoint a member, the Executive shall fill the vacancy or vacancies.

ARTICLE 289-3:The mission of the Provisional Electoral Council shall end when the President-elect takes office.

ARTICLE 290:The members of the first Permanent Electoral Council shall divide among them by lot the terms of nine (9), six (6), and three (3) years, stipulated for replacement of the Council by thirds (1/3).

ARTICLE 291:For ten (10) years following publication of this Constitution, and without prejudice to any criminal action or civil suit for damages, none of the following may be candidates for any public office;

a. Any person well known for having been by his excess zeal one of the architects of the dictatorship and of its maintenance during the last twenty-nine (29) years;

b. Any accountant of public funds during the years of the dictatorship concerning whom there is presumptive evidence of unjustified again;

c. Any person denounced by public outcry for having inflicted torture on political prisoners or for having committed political assassinations.

ARTICLE 292:The Provisional Electoral Council charged with receiving the registration of candidates, shall see to the strict enforcement of this provision.

ARTICLE 293:All decrees expropriating real property in urban and rural areas of the Republic of the last two (2) Haitian governments for the benefit of the State or companies in the course of incorporation shall be annulled if the purpose for which such actions were taken has not been attained during the last 10 years.

ARTICLE 293-1:Any individual who was the victim of confiscation of property or arbitrary dispossession for political reasons during the period from october 22, 1957 to February 7,1986 may recover his property before the court of competent jurisdiction.

In such cases, the procedure shall be expedited as for emergency matters, and the decision may be appealed only to the Supreme Court.

ARTICLE 294:Sentences to death personal restraint or penal service or the loss of civil rights for political reasons from 1957 to 1986 shall constitute no impediment to the exercise of civil and political rights.

ARTICLE 295:Within six (6) months starting from the time the first President elected under the Constitution of 1987 takes office, the Executive Branch is authorized to proceed to carry out any reforms deemed necessary in the Government Administration in general and in the Judiciary.

TITLE XV

Final Provisions

ARTICLE 296:All Codes of Law or Handbooks of Justice, all laws, all decree laws and all decrees and orders (Arr�t�s) currently in force shall be maintained in all matters not contrary to this Constitution.

ARTICLE 297:All laws, all decree laws, all decrees arbitrarily limiting the basic rights and liberties of citizens, in particular:

a. The decree law of September 5, 1935 on supertitious beliefs;
b. The law of August 2, 1977 establishing the Court of State Security (Tribunal de la Suret� de l'�tat).
c. The law of July 28, 1975 placing the lands of the Artibonite Valley in a special status;
d. The law of April 29, 1969 condemning all imported doctrines;
Are and shall remain repealed.
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ARTICLE 298: This Constitution shall be published within two weeks of its ratification by referendum. It shall enter into force as soon as it is published in the MONITEUR, the Official Gazette of the Republic.

Given at the Legislative Palace, in Port-au-Prince, the seat of the Constituent National Assembly, on March 10, 1987, in the One Hundred Eighty-Fourth Year of Independence. Source / Fuente: Unofficial English translation provided by the Government of Haiti. Original published in the Official Gazette of the Republic, Au Moniteur.

Shleu-Shleu History

HMI — Sat, 24 Jul 2010 18:19:33 GMT

Tony Moise and Jacques Vabre were among the first members of Laurenceau's Orchestra. From the latter stemmed a smaller group named " Les Manfoubins",when the Laurenceau brothers emigrated abroad in 1963 " Who were they; Les Manfoubins?
Les Manfoubins began with two guitarists, Tony Moise and Jacques Vabre. In addition to these two pioneers, Smith and Franky jean Baptiste,Leon Millien and Clovis Saint Louis became the stylists of the rhythm section.When Jacques Vabre resigned for health reasons,Serge Rosenthal,Milot Toussaint and Dada Jacaman surfaced.As a result,a new group named Shleu-Shleu was bornin 1965
Shleu-Shleu performed at private parties,hotels and clubs such as Villa Creole,El Rancho Hotel, Montana Hotel,Cabane Choucoune, Berg Hotel and at the famous Rond Point. Two albums were produced while Shleu Shleu was in Haiti. They were "Haiti Mon pays" 1967 and "Haiti Terre De soleil" in 1969.
In May 1970,Shleu-Shleu signed a contract to perform at Casa Boriquen in New york. Triumphantly,the group entered the big apple and played with grace and distinction. At the end of the contract,most of the musicians remained in New york and exhibited their talents at various clubs.Dada and Serge Rosenthal returned to Haiti and formed Shleu-Shleu D'Haiti. The group broke up after two years and consequently,the musicians individually entered in NY and created a new group. They could not call it Shleu-Shleu because Original Shleu-Shleu was registered in New york State;they named it SkahShah
Shleu-Shleu produced several albums and CDS.They are:Grille Ta Cigarette,Trou Crabe,En filant les Aiguilles,Kann Kale, OSS Boat People,Cinquieme Synphonie,Shleu-Shleu nan Kem,Rond Point Live,Shleu-Shleu Instrumental Shleu-Shleu 49th Anniversaire and Chat La. Actually,Shleu Shleu is still performing at clubs and Restaurants.
Getting the last CD " Shleu-Shleu Stars" is a must. You can always contact Tony @ 516- 931-3905

Skah Shah #1 ( l'ex Shleu-Shleu d'Ha�ti )

HMI — Sat, 24 Jul 2010 18:14:24 GMT

It all began in the early 1970s; the group Les Shleu Shleu, (Shleu Shleu saga includes Original Shleu Shleu of Maestro saxophonist Tony Moise, and Shleu Shleu D�Haiti with saxophoniste George Loubert Chancy) already a very popular Haitian minijazz was touring the United States when several members decided not to return to Haiti. They stayed and created in New York City: Skah Shah #1. Ex-ShleuShleu members: Georges Loubert Chancy aka Zoie (sax), Jean Ely Telfort aka Cubano (vocal), Joseph Mario Mayala (lead guitar), Johnny Frantz Toussaint (rythm guitar), Yves Arsene Appolon (drums), Frederic Mews (bass), they were joined by Lesly Lavelanet (bass), Frantz Laventure (conga), Edouard Leon (percussion), Rodrigue Gauthier (tamtam), Jean Michel StVictor aka Zouzoule (vocal) Skah Shah which is an african word for �little African Kings��, became synonyme of good compas. During the mid and late 1970�s, the group performed so well that some week they play 6 days of the 7. The group�s first album �Guepe Pangnol� became an instant hit with several great tunes: �Consolation�, �Rinmin�, �Kelly�, �Apparence� etc. From there Skah Shah emerged becoming better and more popular, they became Skah Shah #1. From 1974, to early 1990�s the band recorded several mega hits and performed in New York, Paris, Haiti etc.

A SONG BY LA MOVINILLERE - WHEN PRESIDENT TRUJILLO VISITED

HMI — Sat, 24 Jul 2010 16:39:42 GMT

Song courtesy of Alan Lomax recording in Haiti for The Library of Congress in 1936-37. Liner notes by Gave Averill.

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This is a protest song composed by the group Movinillere in Feb. 11, 1937 about the visit of President Rafael Trujillo from the Dominican Republic to Haiti. Apparently there was a scuffle between the police and demonstrators in which the police swung baton gayak (hardwood clubs). The song features some interesting sound effects (sirens and police whistles), which is quite amazing considering it is a field recording and so the band would have had to produce those effects live!

What is unclear, though, is the date of the visit in question. Trujillo had visited Haiti in 1934 and 1935. Although Trujillo and President Vincent had signed agreements to regulate border conflicts, Haitians continued to be concerned about the treatment of Haitian laborers in the Dominican Republic, and their plight had been compared to forced labor or slavery. Only a few months after this song recorded by Lomax, President Rafael Trujillo, in October of 1937, gave the order to massacre Haitians living on the Dominican side. Trujillo's orders, which resulted in the murder of perhaps 20-30,000 Haitians, were part of a racist "Dominicanization" (anti-haitianismo) project that aimed to isolate the Dominican Republic from Haiti and to whiten the racial complexion of the country. In Haiti, the massacre is often called the masak perejil; perejil is the Spanish word for parsley, and it was used by Dominican trops as a pronunciation test to separate those of Haitian ancestry from their dark-skinned Dominican counterparts.

Lomax later commented on this massacre, writting in his subsequent notes to the Haiti Expedition: "Small countries, like small people, make news when they are visited by death. The other day Haiti made news when between eight and twelve thousand Haitians [early estimates] were slaughtered in San Domingo. After the bodies were safely underground, the Haitian and Dominican government estimated what this lot of dead Haitians would come to. They finally decided on $80,000 [the eventual figure was $750,000]. That makes a common, ordinary, garden variety Haitian worth in the neighborhood of $10. What an upper-class, educated and refined Haitian is worth has not been determined, since none of them were killed." In fact, most survivors and familiers of the killed received little or no compensation.

[Lyrics]

Prezidan Vensan did nou non!
Se desisyon-l pa fe aksyon
Wololoy!

Prezidan Trujillo ate
Se la pou-n we de bel aksyon
Livil Oko mache devan
Lavil Potoprens
Lap Pase
Pinga n kanpe
Baton gayak a fe n vole

Se la pou n we jenjan fremi
Tout biwo lapolis an am
Baton gayak you menm se manje
So on nonm panche
Gayak leve w!
[Repeat]

Mezanmi Twouilyo rantre

[Chorus]
Kaporal netoye devan-w
Si wap mache, ping-w kanpe
Fo Nasyonal an am
Fo Nasyonal an am
Si Wap mache, pinga-w kanpe
Fo Nasyonal an am
Mesye siren dife!
Ey! Chofe, deplase machin nan
Kaporal netoye devan-w
Biwo lapolis an am
Si wpa mache, pinga-w kanpe
Men siren dife
Deplase machin ou an silvouple!
Kaporal netoye devan-w
Si wap mache, pinga-w kanpe
Kaporal netoye devan-w
Biwo lapolis an am
Wooooooooooooo
Kaporal netowe devan-w

Banda! Banda!
men kann ape souffle!

HAITI: Five More Years for Stenio

HMI — Sat, 24 Jul 2010 03:09:28 GMT

TIME Magazine - Monday, Mar 24, 1941

President Stenio Vincent of Haiti is a silver-haired, silver-tongued politician who is supported as loyally by the lesser politicians of Port-au-Prince as he is hated by Haitian exiles in Harlem. His friends say he is a statesman; his enemies call him a dictator; both agree that he likes a pleasant job. Such a job is the Presidency of Haiti.

More Spanish than any other kind of blood fills the veins of Haiti's Stenio Vincent. He is a natural orator and his oratory has carried him far. On the strength of it he had become President of the Chamber of Deputies when, in 1915, after years of ferment, President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam was massacred with 167 political prisoners and the U. S. Marines marched in. To a Marine officer who ordered the Chamber dismissed, Stenio Vincent answered: "Merde." That made him a sort of hero.

Out of a job, Stenio Vincent went to the U. S. to lobby for withdrawal of the Marines. He got nowhere and drifted back to Haiti. By 1930 he had convinced a majority of the people that he could get rid of the Marines, and so they elected him President. Three years later Franklin Roosevelt inaugurated his Good Neighbor Policy: the next year Stenio Vincent went to see him and President Roosevelt withdrew the Marines. In his campaign Stenio Vincent had also plumped for a single five-year Presidential term, but when 1935 rolled around he changed his mind, ordered a plebiscite and was voted another five years in office. These five years will be up next May 15.

Under President Vincent Haiti has enjoyed one of the quietest periods of its history. The President's friends attribute this to his ability; his enemies attribute it to despotism. Whatever the reason, last week President Vincent's loyal Chamber of Deputies considered a resolution to the effect that "exceptional circumstances that confront the nation" make it imperative to continue him in office. Not a voice was raised in dissent. Four days later the Senate passed the same resolution, also unanimously. Unless dissatisfied palace plotters and the Harlem exiles get together and oust Stenio Vincent by force, he will continue to bask in office until 1946.

A criticism often voiced against the Good Neighbor Policy of President Roosevelt and the U. S. State Department is that their good neighborliness encourages Latin American caudillos to perpetuate themselves in office. The State Department's answer: U. S. policy is neither to encourage nor discourage any political factions in other countries, but to let those countries work out their own problems without interference. U. S. abandonment of interventionism has coincided with an epidemic of continuismo throughout Central America. Reading from north to south:

In Guatemala President Jorge Ubico, elected in 1931, held a plebiscite in 1935, extended his term until 1943. In El Salvador Vice President General Maximiliano Hern�ndez Martinez took office in 1931 after an Army revolt had deposed President Arturo Araujo. Refused recognition by the U. S., he resigned in 1934, ran for the Presidency, was elected in 1935. In 1939 a constitutional convention extended his term until 1945. President Tiburcio Carias Andino of Honduras took office in 1933, has suppressed at least five attempted revolutions since then. In 1939 Congress extended his term for ten years. In Nicaragua President Anastasio Somoza took office in 1937 and promptly revamped the constitution. By resigning the Presidency (after appointing himself Acting President during his absence from office) he was able to have himself inaugurated a second time in 1939 for a longer (eight-year) term, ending in 1947. Panama's President Arnulfo Arias pushed through a new constitution within three months of his election last year (TIME, Dec. 30), is now President until 1946.

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Quoted: Menda Francois on Nicki Minaj and Feminist Contradictions in Hardcore Female

HMI — Wed, 14 Apr 2010 02:37:07 GMT

� From �Step Your Pussy Up: Nicki Minaji and the Signifyin(g) Tropes of Hardcore Female Rap,� by Menda Francois (Senior Thesis)

As much potential as there is for female empowerment in hardcore rap through women rappers� embrace of the erotic, given the restrictive conventions of the genre, which force female artists to straddle identities of heterosexist sexiness and simultaneous masculinity, its full potential is rarely ever realized. In Minaj�s embrace of Lil Kim�s pussy power politics, she is also inevitably embracing, regardless of her actual intent and/or acceptance of rejection of the label, a controversial and rather contradictory ideology of feminism. [...]

Implicit in Minaj�s Signification onto the male narrative is a strategic process of identity construction, relying primarily on the male narrative and male voice to help shape the hardcore female rapper�s public image. Essentially, by engaging in dialogue with the male narrative, Minaj is aligning herself with male rappers and creating her identity as one of (pseudo)masculinity, an asset valuable to her role as a hardcore female rapper. It is within this genre that femcees operate as performers of gender and are most harshly judged by an injurious rubric of masculinity. These women are forced to negotiate �androgynous� identities as visually feminine, yet rhetorically masculine artists. [...]

In hardcore female rap, femcees are constant performers of masculinity who, between their Signifyin(g) on male [sexual] discourse and (re) appropriating sexist and misogynistic language, negotiate a treacherous space where a thin line exists between the subversion of male dominance via gender performance and affirmation of its patriarchal norms. [...]

If Minaj were genuinely interested in ascribing true power to her role as a woman and rejecting female rappers� traditional dependence on the male voice for expression and validation, she would have drawn parallels between herself and powerful public female figures to construct her version of the new-age around the way girl. Grammy-winning female rap legend Lauryn Hill does just that. In The Fugees� �Ready or Not� she likens herself to Grammy-Award nominated singer, songwriter, and civil rights activist Nina Simone: �So while you imitatin� Al Capone/I be Nina Simone and defecating on your microphone.� (The Score, 1996) Essentially, �Hill champions a notion of�hip hop that is not rooted in the Mafioso fantasy of the day, but that goes back to the risky aesthetic and political choices of [Nina Simone]�Hill�s lyrical phrase represents a legitimate critique of the hypermasculinity and phallocentrism that pervades hip hop � a critique that is clearly gendered in its intent.� (Neal 247) Plainly put, Hill is a rare exception to the rule(s) as defined within the patriarchy of Hip Hop.

Within Minaj�s musical repertoire, her constant Signification onto the male narrative symbolizes her dependence on the male voice as a means by which to construct her identity. [...] The female body is rarely a site of empowerment except when it is being objectified to define female strength through heterosexist sexiness, which, displayed for male satisfaction, creates little power for women. (Azikwe 354) Because female rappers� values lies in their ability to perform masculinity as well as be sexually objectified, when a femcee is not performing the role of the sexually available coquette nor the female thug, her power and agency are non-existent.

� From �Step Your Pussy Up: Nicki Minaji and the Signifyin(g) Tropes of Hardcore Female Rap,� by Menda Francois (Senior Thesis)

Evelor's SHOCKING BOOK excerpt

eve-lor — Mon, 05 Apr 2010 18:04:03 GMT

Excerpt of Evelor's book
"STRONGER THAN MY MISTAKES":

...When I got to Nasha's boyfriend's house, there was a chunky guy I had never seen before, sitting in the living room. Next thing I knew, Nasha started taking her clothes off right in front of us and started making out with her boyfriend. (Eeww!) I looked to the side and I caught the chunky guy looking straight at me. All of a sudden, he grabbed my arm, pulled me to him and started kissing me and touching me aggressively. My goodness! I was terrified! I didn't even know this man! He was ripping my clothes off of me with such a rage. I kicked and punched him while I screamed my lungs out. Noone paid attention to me; that's when I realized that my so-called bestfriend, Nasha, had set me up. I was trapped. The man was so much stronger than I was. I was only 15 years-old and he was a big man. He was raping me. The worst part was:
I was a virgin and I was on my period!...

Click here to receive the book preview:
http://evelorminouche.fanbridge.com

Yanick Etienne: Our True Haitian Female Diva

HMI — Sun, 07 Mar 2010 19:21:47 GMT

Yanick Etienne is no stranger to the music scene. The attractive vocalist started singing professionally since 1979. Her singing style combines jazz, soul and Caribbean flavors to make a completely unique sound: her own. Yanick was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti and came to the U.S. with her family in 1970. Shes from a very artistic family. Two of her brothers are musicians and her younger sister is a dancer. She says that she gets her vocal abilities from her mother, who loved to sing as a young girl and was often complimented on her beautiful voice. Shes paid her dues and acquired her experience as a vocalist by doing studio sessions. Shes recorded with a wide-range of artists worldwide. Some of her earlier credits include songs such as TOI recorded with Haitian singer, Jose Tavernier, CARIBBEAN GIRLS with Austin Tuitt from Trinidad, MIRAGE with Yvon Andre (Kapi) of Tabou Combo. Shes done back-up vocals on singer Ti Mannos very last album, lead and back-up vocals on ELITE ORCHESTRA, and DIFE/ELECTRIC COMPA (albums) in addition to vocal performances on several other musical projects.

In 1990, she recorded background vocal tracks for the Italian Rock & Roll group Rocking Chairs, on their album, NO SAD GOODBYES. Her performance on (one of the UKs best known Rock group), ROXY MUSICs album put Yanicks name on the international charts with AVALON, Bryan Ferrys 1982 hit single. Since that time, shes recorded more albums with Ferry including: BOYS AND GIRLS, BETE NOIRE, MAMOUNA and 39 STEPS.

In the summer of 1988, Yanick joined Ferry on his world tour, which included concert stops in the U.S., Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Australia and Europe. Yanicks performances were singled-out for rave reviews by the worlds most prominent newspapers and magazines such as: The New York Post, Rolling Stone, Los Angeles Times, The Hollywood Reporter, and Japan Times. Her various renditions of AVALON on the 1988-89 World Tour were described as spine-tingling, riveting soulful, angelic, pure poetry, gospel-like, silky, and so on.

In March 1989 after her return from the tour, she commenced preparations on her debut album. I believe that all the studio work that Ive done in the past have helped to prepare me for DERNST EMILE PRESENTS: YANICK ETIENNE. Indeed, we can hear from her performance, the maturity that she has developed as a vocalist. She wrote many of the songs on the album which features her signature hit song MISTE DAMOU, and co-wrote the others with her Husband/Producer DERNST EMILE. Dernst Emile II (Dee), who was 4 years old at the time, superbly co-produced. Yanick feels very strongly about her work being the best that it can be. I cant stand sloppiness in music, she says vehemently. In fact, some of her favorite artists are among the best in the recording industry. Sarah Vaughan, Jon Lucien, Stevie Wonder, Nancy Wilson, Stephanie Mills, Al Jarreau, Patti LaBelle, Luther Vandross are some of the people whove influenced her style of singing. Since the release of her first album, shes made various TV and Radio appearances at HTN in Miami, FL, Metro Magazine TV, Momemt Creole on WLIB radio in New York, in addition to being featured in countless newspaper and magazine articles.

In July 1992, Yanick joined the World Music radio program New York International as an on-air D.J. After an interview with the program director, Al Angeloro, he was so taken with her talent and her personality that he asked her to join the team. In March 1993 she was nominated Best New Artist at the Third Annual Carribbean Music Awards. Her category was presented by none other than Jon Lucien! In June 1993, she guest-starred in Jazz Night at Caf� Arielle-Theatre Row, along with Dernst Emile and ~~ their son, Dernst Emile II (Dee).

In August 1993, she headlined In Concert at Medgar Evers College. Yanicks first promotional concert of her first album was a tremendous success. November 23, 1994, six years after The World Tour, she took the stage with Bryan Ferry once again at The Beacon Theater in New York, as a Special Guest for a performance of AVALON. On May 26, 1995, Yanick was elated when she performed in The General Assembly Hall, at the United Nations 50th Anniversary Celebration. On July 29, 1995, she went home to Ha�ti to perform for the first time at the International Roots Festival (Bouyon Rasin).

Once more, Yanick reunited with Ferry, this time for the ROXY MUSIC REUNION TOUR in the summer of 2001. The concert stops in the U.S. included 2 nights at Madison Square Garden, in New York, performances in Atlanta, Detroit, Chicago, Minneapolis, San Francisco, Los Angeles, also in Vancouver, British Columbia and in Europe: Manchester, Glasgow and London in the UK. Her brand new, just released cd, LOVE SONGS FOR YOU recently hit the U.S. market in September 2004 and is already receiving well-deserved acclaims and accolades from the Floridian media. Recorded, mixed, arranged and produced by her now 19 year old son (Dee), Yanick has come full circle. Her tribute to poetess extraordinaire, Maya Angelou, on MAYA and her rendition of Minnie Ripertons LOVIN YOU sung in Creole are just spectacular! You will savor a mix of songs in her native Creole and English which bring together magnificently the two cultures. Her diversity in styles include succulent Caribbean and Brazilian flavors, R&B, Christian/Gospel, a touch of Hip Hop, all of which aptly describe this body of work. Yanick is looking forward to promoting her cd worldwide.

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The Morse Code

HMI — Sun, 07 Mar 2010 16:18:08 GMT

By Steve Desrosiers

After coming to some terms with the human scale of the current disaster in Haiti it dawned on me that most of our artistic treasures might be forever destroyed. The Centre D�Art, the murals of Bigaud in St. Trinite, the Presidential Palace itself (a gift from the US) and many other places. And what of the famous Hotel Oloffson? The place around which Graham Greene�s famous novel on Haiti "The Comedians" took shape and which also served as the center piece for the Hollywood film by the same name. Amazingly, the sturdy wood-frame Hotel, stood its ground during the 38 seconds it took for most of Port-au-Prince�s brick structures to collapse.

In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Oloffson�s manager for these past 25 years, Richard A. Morse was among Haiti�s few links to the outside world. He moved his guests from their rooms to the hotel driveway for the night and kept busy documenting the developing situation on the popular "person to whom-ever" website "Tweeter". The world�s news organizations immediately locked into his account and pestered him for information and the permission to share his growing narrative with the world. The most famous of the tweets was among the first, "all my guests slept in the driveway last night, people came up from the streets thinking they were [dead] bodies. Neighbors helping neighbors." Once aid workers started arriving he noticed that those who survived the quake slept outdoors while new arrivals sought shelter even with ongoing tremors.

Richard powered his only link �an apparently slow and overworked PC � to the outside world using a gas propelled generator. It was interesting to follow Richard�s tweets; here was an American bred man who was managing to take life�s rotten twists with a bit of Island humor � the way Graham Greene was perhaps alluding to in his famous novel. The tweets ranged from dramatically alarming, to sarcastically humorous. In one instance he�s relating to some news agency: "I can confirm that many government buildings and homes of the poor are destroyed" and then a bit later, "I just got a cancellation for a reservation at the hotel" or "I asked a priest why so many churches had gone down and he replied, God works in mysterious ways".

I found the "Church" tweet interesting because if there was any truth to American Tele-evangelist Pat Robertson�s claim that Haitians were now suffering God�s wrath because of a pact with the devil, then the Oloffson should have gone down first! After all, since 1985, Richard and his band RAM have religiously entertained guests to the Oloffson with the Vodou rhythms of Haiti�s eccentrically Afro-centric countryside. The very heart of darkness!

Richard A. Morse is almost a character from Graham Green�s insightful novel. He was born in Puerto-Rico to a scholarly American father and the first Haitian woman to have been awarded a professional recording contract, the little known Emerante de Pradine. It is peculiar that Morse was born in 1957, the year of "Papa Doc" Duvalier�s triumph over Haiti. More peculiar that he should find himself in Haiti by 1985, one year before the total demise of the "Baby Doc" Duvalier regime. What a nice twist that he should find himself at the Oloffson at a time when it was in need of a new hero-manager.

Richard, a Princeton grad, was led to Haiti as a result of a deep seated interest in Caribbean music. Yeah! The Oloffson gig was a way to earn bread, while he acted on a hunch to check out Haitian music from some French record producer who probably felt sorry for a guy who couldn�t figure out he�d never make it in New York in a band called "The Groceries" of all things. I�m simplifying of course. But only a great author would think to eventually turn this unlikely character into one of the Island�s celebrated roots musicians. He�d even recover from a bad break up to an American socialite (whose father was ashamed she was dating a musician), by marrying a pretty Haitian girl who was as crazy about Haitian roots music as he was.

Well, it doesn�t end there. The Hollywood adaptation of Graham�s "Comedians" has it�s protagonist get roughed up a few times by local macoutes for his willingness to confront injustice. Richard too has irked Haiti�s power elite for having the same penchant for justice and faced thugs supporting Cedras on one end and eventually those supporting Aristide on the other. He�s likely to get into trouble with Clinton too for recent rants on a popular Haitian website, decrying investments that - from his perspective - stand to benefit an island elite that gets rankled at the mere mention of a fair minimum wage for the average Haitian. But that�s on hold for now with this earthquake business! His current nemesis is the UN contingency itself that has declared the area around his hotel "unsafe" - dropping off aid workers who want to stay in one of Port-au-Prince�s few habitable hotels wayyyyy down the block in an effort to isolate the Olofson from their protection.

I�m sure they�re hoping to send the right message to would be thieves and murderers about where to go if they�re serious about getting away with any looting or killing. Will our hero and his guests survive? Log in, a suivre�a suivre les enfants, a suivre!

Oh and I almost forgot, the title to this piece. Isn�t it interesting that at our darkest hour, well one of our fine collection of dark hours - is a character whose role is to link us via some piece of technology to the outside world? His last name just happens to be "Morse".

Marie Clotilde �Toto� Bissainthe (1934, Cap-Ha�tien, Haiti - June 4, 1994, Haiti)

HMI — Sun, 07 Mar 2010 16:10:31 GMT

Marie Clotilde �Toto� Bissainthe (1934, Cap-Ha�tien, Haiti - June 4, 1994, Haiti) was a Ha�tian actress and singer known for her innovative blend of traditional Vodou and rural themes and music with contemporary lyricism and arrangements. Born in Cap-Ha�tien in 1934, she left Ha�ti at an early age to pursue her studies abroad. Her career started in theatre with the company Griots, of which she was a founding member in 1956. Griots was at the vanguard of n�gritude-inspired cultural institutions in France, and was the first African theatre company in Paris.

With a groundbreaking performance in 1973 at La vieille grille in Paris, Toto Bissainthe established herself as singer-songwriter-composer, stunning the audience with her soul-stirring renditions of original compositions that paid homage to the lives, struggles, miseries and spirituality of working class and rural Ha�tians.

An artist in exile, Toto Bissainthe will be unable to return to the Ha�ti that so inspired her until the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier in 1986. However, the multiple disappointments of the unending democratic transition and political infighting would forever embitter the outspoken artist, who had long dreamed of a return to help rebuild her motherland. Saddened by Ha�ti�s social and political degradation, Toto Bissainthe�s health would enter a downward spiral ending with her passing from liver damage on June 4th, 1994.

My 2010 Wishes for you

eve-lor — Tue, 05 Jan 2010 20:46:15 GMT

May you live in perfect alignment with your life's purpose

May uyou become fearless and stressless

May you see success even in the minor accomplishments

May you become ONE with the GOD in you

&

May you realize that YOU are the universe.

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